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As atribuições a seguir exemplificam corretamente a força política do Senado brasileiro e das principais câmaras altas nos sistemas políticos bicamerais ocidentais vigentes, à exceção de uma. Assinale-a.
Provas
A formulação do conceito de Estado moderno remonta ao século XVI, quando a crise dos grandes poderes universais e dos poderes senhoriais feudais abriu o espaço para a formação de monarquias centralizadas dinástico-territoriais, em conflito pela hegemonia da Europa.
Na França, em um contexto de guerras interestatais e civis religiosas, o jurista Jean Bodin desenvolveu uma das primeiras teorias sobre o poder soberano como principal agente da racionalização política:
Aquele que é soberano não deve estar sujeito ao comando de outrem em modo algum, e deve poder dar a lei aos seus súditos e apagar ou anular as palavras inúteis nela substituindo-as por outras, o que não pode ser feito por quem está sujeito às leis ou a pessoas que exercitem o poder sobre ele. Por isso, a lei afirma que o príncipe não está sujeito à autoridade das leis, e em latim a palavra lei significa o comando de quem tem o poder soberano. Assim como o papa, segundo os canonistas, nunca pode atar as próprias mãos, também não as pode atar o príncipe soberano, mesmo que o quisesse. Por isso, no fim dos editos e das ordenanças vemos as palavras “pois tal é o nosso prazer”, para que esteja claro que as leis do príncipe soberano, mesmo que fundadas em motivos válidos e concretos, dependem apenas de sua pura e livre vontade. Quanto, porém, às leis naturais e divinas, todos os príncipes da terra estão sujeitos a elas, nem possuem poder para transgredi-las, se não quiserem serem culpados de lesa majestade divina, pondo-se em guerra contra aquele Deus a cuja majestade todos os príncipes da terra devem se submeter, com absoluto temor e reverência.
Adaptado de J. Bodin, I sei libri dello Stato.
Torino: Utet, 1964, livro I, cap. VIII, p. 358-362.
Com base no trecho e em seus conhecimentos, assinale a afirmativa que caracteriza corretamente o conceito moderno de estado e de soberania em Bodin.
Provas
- Organização dos PoderesPoder LegislativoFiscalização Contábil, Financeira e Orçamentária da UniãoTribunal de Contas da União (TCU)
O Presidente da autarquia federal Alfa foi informado pelo órgão de controle interno que era chegado o momento de apresentar suas contas de gestão ao Tribunal de Contas da União.
Ao se informar sobre o procedimento a ser seguido na apreciação de suas contas, foi-lhe corretamente informado que o Tribunal de Contas
Provas
João e Maria travaram intenso debate a respeito do processo para aprovação da emenda constitucional, mais especificamente a respeito de sua distinção em relação à revisão constitucional. Ao final, concluíram que
I. enquanto a emenda constitucional pode ser promulgada a qualquer momento, a revisão constitucional somente pode ser realizada a cada cinco anos;
II. o processo legislativo da revisão constitucional é mais qualificado que o da emenda constitucional, exigindo um quórum de aprovação maior;
III. os limites a serem observados para a aprovação da emenda constitucional não se identificam com os da revisão constitucional.
Em relação às conclusões de João e Maria
Provas
Com base em alentado anteprojeto elaborado por uma comissão de notáveis, o Presidente da República apresentou projeto de lei veiculando um “Código Empresarial”, que foi muito elogiado em razão de sua elevada sistematização, além de aumentar a confiabilidade dos empresários, principalmente estrangeiros, na legislação brasileira.
O Chefe do Poder Executivo, sensível a essa constatação e com o objetivo de superar alguns problemas enfrentados pela República Federativa do Brasil junto à Organização Mundial do Comércio, solicitou que o referido projeto tramitasse em regime de urgência, a começar pela Casa Legislativa iniciadora.
À luz da sistemática constitucional, é correto afirmar que a Casa Legislativa iniciadora será
Provas
- Organização dos PoderesPoder LegislativoProcesso LegislativoLeis Complementares, Ordinárias e Delegadas
O parlamentar federal XX estava muito sensibilizado com a reinvindicação de reajuste remuneratório insistentemente apresentada por diversas associações de servidores públicos federais. Por essa razão, solicitou que sua assessoria jurídica elaborasse o respectivo projeto de lei, o qual tinha convicção que seria aprovado, sequencialmente, por cada Casa do Congresso Nacional e sancionado pelo Presidente da República.
Caso fosse promulgada uma lei resultante do processo legislativo descrito na narrativa, seria correto afirmar que ela
Provas
No início da legislatura, seriam definidos os integrantes de determinada Comissão permanente do Senado Federal. Os senadores filiados aos Partidos Políticos Alfa, Beta e Gama, em total de 9 (nove), atuavam sob uma liderança comum no âmbito dessa Casa Legislativa, o que fez que os líderes dos referidos partidos perdessem suas atribuições e prerrogativas regimentais. Com isso, ao ver dos senadores, aumentavam suas chances de participar da referida Comissão.
Considerando os termos dessa narrativa e à luz da sistemática constitucional vigente, é correto afirmar que
Provas
Read text I and answer the following question.
Text I
The new data privacy rules
The data harvested from our personal devices, along with our trail of electronic transactions and data from other sources, now provides the foundation for some of the world’s largest companies. […] For the past two decades, the commercial use of personal data has grown in wild-west fashion. But now, because of consumer mistrust, government actions, and competition for customers, those days are quickly coming to an end.
For most of its existence, the data economy was structured around a “digital curtain” designed to obscure the industry’s practices from lawmakers and the public. Data was considered company property and a proprietary secret, even though the data originated from customers’ private behavior. That curtain has since been lifted and a convergence of consumer, government, and market forces are now giving users more control over the data they generate. Instead of serving as a resource that can be freely harvested, countries in every region of the world have begun to treat personal data as an asset owned by individuals and held in trust by firms.
This will be a far better organizing principle for the data economy. Giving individuals more control has the potential to curtail the sector’s worst excesses while generating a new wave of customer-driven innovation, as customers begin to express what sort of personalization and opportunity they want their data to enable. And while Adtech firms in particular will be hardest hit, any firm with substantial troves of customer data will have to make sweeping changes to its practices, particularly large firms such as financial institutions, healthcare firms, utilities, and major manufacturers and retailers.
Leading firms are already adapting to the new reality as it unfolds. The key to this transition — based upon our research on data and trust, and our experience working on this issue with a wide variety of firms— is for companies to reorganize their data operations around the new fundamental rules of consent, insight, and flow.
[…]
Federal lawmakers are moving to curtail the power of big tech. Meanwhile, in 2021 state legislatures proposed or passed at least 27 online privacy bills regulating data markets and protecting personal digital rights. Lawmakers from California to China are implementing legislation that mirrors Europe’s GDPR, while the EU itself has turned its attention to regulating the use of AI. Where once companies were always ahead of regulators, now they struggle to keep up with compliance requirements across multiple jurisdictions.
Adapted from: https://hbr.org/2022/02/the-new-rules-of-data-privacy February 25, 2022 – Retrieved September 6, 2022
In the extract “now they struggle” (5th paragraph), the pronoun refers to
Provas
Read text I and answer the following question.
Text I
The new data privacy rules
The data harvested from our personal devices, along with our trail of electronic transactions and data from other sources, now provides the foundation for some of the world’s largest companies. […] For the past two decades, the commercial use of personal data has grown in wild-west fashion. But now, because of consumer mistrust, government actions, and competition for customers, those days are quickly coming to an end.
For most of its existence, the data economy was structured around a “digital curtain” designed to obscure the industry’s practices from lawmakers and the public. Data was considered company property and a proprietary secret, even though the data originated from customers’ private behavior. That curtain has since been lifted and a convergence of consumer, government, and market forces are now giving users more control over the data they generate. Instead of serving as a resource that can be freely harvested, countries in every region of the world have begun to treat personal data as an asset owned by individuals and held in trust by firms.
This will be a far better organizing principle for the data economy. Giving individuals more control has the potential to curtail the sector’s worst excesses while generating a new wave of customer-driven innovation, as customers begin to express what sort of personalization and opportunity they want their data to enable. And while Adtech firms in particular will be hardest hit, any firm with substantial troves of customer data will have to make sweeping changes to its practices, particularly large firms such as financial institutions, healthcare firms, utilities, and major manufacturers and retailers.
Leading firms are already adapting to the new reality as it unfolds. The key to this transition — based upon our research on data and trust, and our experience working on this issue with a wide variety of firms— is for companies to reorganize their data operations around the new fundamental rules of consent, insight, and flow.
[…]
Federal lawmakers are moving to curtail the power of big tech. Meanwhile, in 2021 state legislatures proposed or passed at least 27 online privacy bills regulating data markets and protecting personal digital rights. Lawmakers from California to China are implementing legislation that mirrors Europe’s GDPR, while the EU itself has turned its attention to regulating the use of AI. Where once companies were always ahead of regulators, now they struggle to keep up with compliance requirements across multiple jurisdictions.
Adapted from: https://hbr.org/2022/02/the-new-rules-of-data-privacy February 25, 2022 – Retrieved September 6, 2022
“As” in “Leading firms are already adapting to the new reality as it unfolds” (4th paragraph) signals a
Provas
Read text I and answer the following question.
Text I
The new data privacy rules
The data harvested from our personal devices, along with our trail of electronic transactions and data from other sources, now provides the foundation for some of the world’s largest companies. […] For the past two decades, the commercial use of personal data has grown in wild-west fashion. But now, because of consumer mistrust, government actions, and competition for customers, those days are quickly coming to an end.
For most of its existence, the data economy was structured around a “digital curtain” designed to obscure the industry’s practices from lawmakers and the public. Data was considered company property and a proprietary secret, even though the data originated from customers’ private behavior. That curtain has since been lifted and a convergence of consumer, government, and market forces are now giving users more control over the data they generate. Instead of serving as a resource that can be freely harvested, countries in every region of the world have begun to treat personal data as an asset owned by individuals and held in trust by firms.
This will be a far better organizing principle for the data economy. Giving individuals more control has the potential to curtail the sector’s worst excesses while generating a new wave of customer-driven innovation, as customers begin to express what sort of personalization and opportunity they want their data to enable. And while Adtech firms in particular will be hardest hit, any firm with substantial troves of customer data will have to make sweeping changes to its practices, particularly large firms such as financial institutions, healthcare firms, utilities, and major manufacturers and retailers.
Leading firms are already adapting to the new reality as it unfolds. The key to this transition — based upon our research on data and trust, and our experience working on this issue with a wide variety of firms— is for companies to reorganize their data operations around the new fundamental rules of consent, insight, and flow.
[…]
Federal lawmakers are moving to curtail the power of big tech. Meanwhile, in 2021 state legislatures proposed or passed at least 27 online privacy bills regulating data markets and protecting personal digital rights. Lawmakers from California to China are implementing legislation that mirrors Europe’s GDPR, while the EU itself has turned its attention to regulating the use of AI. Where once companies were always ahead of regulators, now they struggle to keep up with compliance requirements across multiple jurisdictions.
Adapted from: https://hbr.org/2022/02/the-new-rules-of-data-privacy February 25, 2022 – Retrieved September 6, 2022
In “Federal lawmakers are moving to curtail the power of big tech” (5th paragraph), it is implied that, in relation to the power of big tech, federal lawmakers aim at
Provas
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