Syntactic complexity in English is achieved through coordination and subordination, with specific focus on the distinction between restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses. Based on the rules of punctuation and the use of relative pronouns in formal English, choose the CORRECT alternative.

Passive constructions in formal English often involve complex transformations such as the "personal passive" and the use of deponents or pseudo-passives. Analyze the following statements regarding the transformation of active clauses into formal passive structures:

I. The sentence "They believe he is a genius" can be formally transformed into "He is believed to be a genius."
II. In the impersonal passive construction "It is said that...", the dummy subject "it" refers back to a specific preceding noun in the text.
III. The "get-passive" is considered more formal than the "be-passive" and is preferred in high-level legal and academic publications.

Which of the following are CORRECT:

Prepositions in English can be simple or complex, the latter consisting of two or three-word phrases that function as a single unit. Based on the syntactic and semantic properties of complex prepositions in formal discourse, choose the CORRECT alternative.

The distinction between text types (sequences) and genres is fundamental for understanding how communicative purposes are institutionalized in English. Analyze the following statements regarding the classification of texts in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR):

I. A genre is a socially recognized communicative event, such as a business letter or a scientific article, with specific structural conventions.
II. A text type refers to internal rhetorical structures, such as narration or description, which may coexist within a single textual genre.
III. The primary difference between genre and type is that types are determined by social function, while genres are defined by linguistic internalities.

Which of the following are CORRECT:

The internal structure of an adverb phrase allows for pre-modification and post-modification, usually to express degree or intensity. Analyze the following statements regarding the constituents of an adverbial phrase:

I. An adverb phrase can be modified by another adverb, as in "quite remarkably," where "quite" functions as a pre-modifier.
II. Post-modification in an adverb phrase is extremely rare but can occur with the adverb "enough," as in "well enough."
III. Adverb phrases function exclusively as adjuncts and can never perform the role of a subject complement in an English sentence.

Which of the following are CORRECT:

The distinction between phrasal verbs (verb + particle) and prepositional verbs (verb + preposition) is based on syntactic tests like particle movement. Based on the transitivity and separability of multi-word verbs, choose the CORRECT alternative.

The divergence between spoken and written English is characterized by differences in lexical density, clausal complexity, and the use of deictic expressions. Based on the linguistic features of "Spoken Grammar" as described in corpus-based studies, choose the CORRECT alternative.

The noun phrase in English can reach high levels of complexity through various layers of pre-modification and post-modification. Based on the rules for noun phrase expansion and the use of appositives, choose the CORRECT alternative.

Cohesion in English is achieved through grammatical and lexical devices, as categorized in the seminal work by Halliday and Hasan. Regarding the use of substitution and ellipsis as cohesive mechanisms in discourse, mark T for True or F for False:

(   ) Substitution involves the replacement of one linguistic item by another, such as using "one" to replace a previously mentioned noun.
(   ) Ellipsis can be defined as "substitution by zero," where a clause or part of it is omitted because it is understood from the context.
(   ) Lexical cohesion is strictly limited to the repetition of the exact same word throughout a paragraph to maintain thematic unity.
(   ) Anaphoric reference occurs when a pronoun refers forward to a noun that will only be introduced in the subsequent chapter of the book.

After analysis, choose the alternative that presents the CORRECT sequence:

English for Specific Purposes (ESP) or Instrumental English focuses on the development of reading skills through the identification of cognates and discursive markers. Analyze the following statements regarding the methodology of ESP for academic researchers:

I. The focus of ESP is primarily on developing a deep understanding of the target professional field's lexicon and genre conventions.
II. In an instrumental approach, the learner is encouraged to use background knowledge to facilitate the top-down processing of the text.
III. Grammar is taught as an end in itself, requiring students to master all irregular verbs before attempting to read any specialized article.

Which of the following are CORRECT: