U.N., who wrote Comment 1 in Text II, defends that

In the excerpt of Text II: “living standards are severely damaged for both immigrants and native-born Americans, that is for everyone but the 0.1% wealthiest Americans who benefit from cheap labor” (lines 64-67), that is introduces a(n)

In the excerpts of Text II: “The US economic and social systems are set up to provide opportunity for immigrants to prosper” (lines 10-12) and “if immigrants are instead brought in as low-wage replacements for American workers” (lines 60-61) set up and brought in mean, respectively,

In Text II, the sentence that expresses the idea of absolute certainty in the future is

In Texts I and II, in terms of meaning, one notices that

In the excerpt of Text I: “other estimates find that immigration raises the wages of all US workers, regardless of education” (lines 23-25), regardless of,is substituted, without change in meaning, by

According to Text I, studies have NOT proved that

The author’s main claim in Text I is that

Consideremos o exemplo de uma turma de 15 alunos cujas alturas, em centímetros, são: 185, 180, 174, 171, 171, 170, 168, 166, 165, 163, 162, 160, 160, 159, 158.
FERREIRA, C. e SIMÕES, N. Tratamento estatístico e gráfico em geografia. Lisboa: Gradiva, 1987, p. 45.
A mediana da altura desses alunos, em centímetros, é de

De uma população de interesse, extrai-se uma amostra aleatória de três elementos, cuja média é 8, a mediana é 7 e a amplitude total é 7.

O desvio padrão amostral é dado por