Text for the questions 19 to 21

There were very few computers in the 1950s, and those in existence were treated as objects of wonder with almost mythical powers. They were nothing like the computers of today. For one thing they were huge, with the refrigerator-sized one being relatively small for the time. They were also delicate, and consumed a lot of electricity, wasting much of it as heat.

Nowadays, however, a computer is just another item stocked in supermarkets alongside toothpaste and dog food. And as computers have become cheaper and smaller, they have been incorporated into a kaleidoscopic range of devices that bear no resemblance to what was once thought of as a computer. Powerful computers now sit at the heart of objects as diverse as mobile phones and games consoles, cars and vacuum cleaners. The cost of computer power continues to decrease, making it possible to incorporate computer technologies into almost any object, no matter how small, cheap or disposable. And these smart devices are ‘talking’ to one another, not just within a single room or building but across the world via the internet, using the World Wide Web . Thus even as the computer vanishes from sight, it becomes vastly more powerful and ever-present – to use a term you’ll become very familiar with, it is now ubiquitous.

Internet: https://www.open.edu/ (adapted)

Text for the questions 19 to 21

There were very few computers in the 1950s, and those in existence were treated as objects of wonder with almost mythical powers. They were nothing like the computers of today. For one thing they were huge, with the refrigerator-sized one being relatively small for the time. They were also delicate, and consumed a lot of electricity, wasting much of it as heat.

Nowadays, however, a computer is just another item stocked in supermarkets alongside toothpaste and dog food. And as computers have become cheaper and smaller, they have been incorporated into a kaleidoscopic range of devices that bear no resemblance to what was once thought of as a computer. Powerful computers now sit at the heart of objects as diverse as mobile phones and games consoles, cars and vacuum cleaners. The cost of computer power continues to decrease, making it possible to incorporate computer technologies into almost any object, no matter how small, cheap or disposable. And these smart devices are ‘talking’ to one another, not just within a single room or building but across the world via the internet, using the World Wide Web . Thus even as the computer vanishes from sight, it becomes vastly more powerful and ever-present – to use a term you’ll become very familiar with, it is now ubiquitous.

Internet: https://www.open.edu/ (adapted)

Text for the questions 19 to 21

There were very few computers in the 1950s, and those in existence were treated as objects of wonder with almost mythical powers. They were nothing like the computers of today. For one thing they were huge, with the refrigerator-sized one being relatively small for the time. They were also delicate, and consumed a lot of electricity, wasting much of it as heat.

Nowadays, however, a computer is just another item stocked in supermarkets alongside toothpaste and dog food. And as computers have become cheaper and smaller, they have been incorporated into a kaleidoscopic range of devices that bear no resemblance to what was once thought of as a computer. Powerful computers now sit at the heart of objects as diverse as mobile phones and games consoles, cars and vacuum cleaners. The cost of computer power continues to decrease, making it possible to incorporate computer technologies into almost any object, no matter how small, cheap or disposable. And these smart devices are ‘talking’ to one another, not just within a single room or building but across the world via the internet, using the World Wide Web . Thus even as the computer vanishes from sight, it becomes vastly more powerful and ever-present – to use a term you’ll become very familiar with, it is now ubiquitous.

Internet: https://www.open.edu/ (adapted)

Texto para as questões de 1 a 11.

1 Há mais de quinhentos anos a língua

portuguesa foi trazida ao Brasil. Nos séculos XVI a XVIII

foi rotulada como “o português no Brasil”, pois era

4 inteiramente lusitana, e não tinha superado as línguas

indígenas. A partir do século XIX, a língua portuguesa

tornou-se majoritária, começou a distanciar-se do

português europeu, sendo então denominada

7 “português do Brasil”. A partir dos anos 80 do século

XX, suprime-se a preposição “do”, e começamos a falar

10 em “português brasileiro”. Sinaliza-se com isso que

novos distanciamentos tinham ocorrido, servindo a

expressão para designar a identidade linguística dos

13 brasileiros. E o idioma que tem servido de espaço de

comunicação para os milhões de habitantes que o

Brasil tem hoje é incontestavelmente isso: o

16 português brasileiro.

As línguas naturais são o ponto mais alto de

nossa identidade como indivíduos e como

19 participantes de uma sociedade. Que o digam os

quinhentos mil visitantes anuais do Museu da Língua

Portuguesa localizado em São Paulo! Tem sido

22 proveitoso testemunhar a emoção desses visitantes

por se verem ali representados, por toparem ali com

sua identidade.

25 Quando pensamos no nome de um livro que

descreve a língua, a primeira palavra que nos ocorre é

“gramática”.

28 A Gramática é uma ciência milenar. Surgiu

associada a preocupações filosóficas e literárias, e

desenvolveu descrições da língua que, com o tempo,

31 acabaram constituindo um tema autônomo de

estudo. Hoje, teríamos dificuldade em excluí-la dos

nossos currículos escolares e do conjunto de

34 conhecimentos que esperamos encontrar nas

pessoas cultas. No domínio da língua portuguesa, as

primeiras gramáticas apareceram no século XVI,

37 motivadas pela preocupação de dignificar a língua

em face do latim e de educar os jovens no

conhecimento das variedades mais prestigiadas.

40 Começou assim uma tradição que atravessou os

séculos e criou a necessidade de grandes manuais de

referência.

43 As gramáticas resultam habitualmente do

trabalho individual, fundamentando-se na língua

literária.

46 Para começo de conversa, não acho que os

escritores trabalham para nos abastecer de regras

gramaticais. Eles exploram ao máximo as

49 potencialidades da língua, segundo um projeto

estético próprio. Ora, as regularidades que as

gramáticas identificam devem fundamentar-se no

52 uso comum da língua, quando conversamos, quando

lemos jornais, como cidadãos de uma democracia.

Isso não exclui a fruição das obras literárias, mas é

55 uma completa inversão de propósitos fundamentar-

nos nelas para descrever uma língua.

O objetivo das boas gramáticas é desvelar o

58 conhecimento linguístico armazenado na mente dos

falantes, desde o cidadão analfabeto até o escritor

laureado.

Ataliba de Castilho. Nova gramática do português brasileiro. São

Paulo: Contexto, 2010 (com adaptações).