TEXTO PARA A QUESTÃO.

Climate change is messing with time

“The melting of polar ice due to global warming is affecting Earth’s rotation and could impact on precision timekeeping, according to a recent study.

The planet is not about to jerk to a halt, nor speed up so rapidly that everyone gets flung into space. But timekeeping is an exact science in a highly technological society, which is why global authorities more than half a century ago felt compelled by the slight changes in Earth’s rotation to invent the concept of the ‘leap second’.

Climate change makes these calculations even more complicated: Soon it may be necessary to insert a ‘negative leap second’ into the calendar to get the planet’s rotation in sync with Coordinated Universal Time.

Timekeeping is based on an astronomical basis. Earth is a type of a clock. In simpler times, the planet would spin one full revolution on its axis, and everyone would call it a day.

But Earth doesn’t spin at a perfectly constant speed. Our planet is in a complicated gravitational dance with the moon, the sun, the oceanic tides, Earth’s own atmosphere and the motion of the planet’s solid inner core.

The planet’s fluctuating spin rate is carefully tracked by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service. In the early 1970s, Earth was clearly slowing down in its rotation, and a gap was forming between atomic time and astronomical time. Thus, was born the ‘leap second’ to adjust for the fact that the ‘day’ was getting a bit longer.

The melting of the ice caps in Antarctica and Greenland shifts mass — meltwater — toward the equator. That process increases the equatorial bulge of the planet. Meanwhile, at the poles, the land that had been pressed down by ice rises, and Earth becomes more spherical.

According to the study, although the core is causing the planet to spin faster, the planetary shape changes caused by a warming climate are slowing that process. Absent this effect, the overall acceleration of the planet’s rotation might require timekeepers to insert a ‘negative leap second’ at the end of 2026. Because of climate change, that might not be necessary until 2029.”

Disponível em https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2024/03/27/ (Adaptado).

“justice, each getting what he or she is due. Formal justice is the impartial and consistent application of principles, whether or not the principles themselves are just. Substantive justice is closely associated with rights, i.e., with what individuals can legitimately demand of one another or what they can legitimately demand of their government (e.g., with respect to the protection of liberty or the promotion of equality).

Retributive justice concerns when and why punishment is justified. Debate continues over whether punishment is justified as retribution for past wrongdoing or because it deters future wrongdoing. Those who stress retribution as the justification for punishment usually believe human beings have libertarian free will, while those who stress deterrence usually accept determinism.

At least since Aristotle, justice has commonly been identified both with obeying law and with treating everyone with fairness. But if law is, and justice is not, entirely a matter of convention, then justice cannot be identified with obeying law.”

The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. General Editor Robert Audi, Cambridge, U.K.: C.U.P., 1999. p.456.

Leia o texto a seguir e responda às questões 51, 52 e 53.

Is tech making learning foreign languages obsolete?

I wouldn't exactly say my French has been going well. A few decades after I left behind my high school language requirement, I decided recently it was time to take another crack. But while my travels over the last few years have made me as grateful for Google Translate as I am to be a native English speaker — they've also made me painfully, embarrassedly aware of how uniquely monolingual so many Americans (1) ____________.

New technology in the form of Apps and tools offering real-time translation have simplified the world so much that we don't really need to learn other languages anymore. Perhaps we can compare it to what the calculator (2) ____________ for math equations. Why then am I doing it? Even if in theory I could with great and focused effort someday become not entirely embarrassing in my French, there's still the question of why bother.

"When you make the effort to learn another person's language, you demonstrate respect." Arturs Penha, the Chief Security Officer (CSO) of the translation service Skrivanek, acknowledges that "Technology has revolutionized communication, enabling us to bridge linguistic barriers more easily than ever before,” but he also makes the case for the human touch. "Learning a language goes beyond mere communication," he says. "It fosters empathy, cultural appreciation, and a sense of belonging.”

“When you make the effort to learn another person's language, you demonstrate respect for their culture and a willingness to engage on a deeper level. I speak four different languages." Peha adds, "I can genuinely say that people talk and treat me very differently when I communicate with them in their native language compared to when I use a lingua franca or rely on a translation App." Al (Artificial Intelligence) and Apps have made translation easier and more accurate than ever, but won't replace the value of the real thing.

Adapted from https:/www.salon.com/2024/02/10/is-tech-making-learning-foreign-languages-obsolete/

Leia o texto a seguir e responda às questões 48, 49 e 50.

The Army leadership code

Our Army needs to move with the times. The operating environment is increasingly uncertain, complex and dispersed. Leadership has never been more challenging. This intent (1) ___________ how we will meet this challenge in war and in peace, with our approach to both being as similar as possible. It is to be read and (2) ___________ by all soldiers at every level. Our war fighting doctrine is based on mutual trust between leaders and those they lead. Leaders have a duty to provide the guidance, including resources that allow subordinates to use their initiative and judgment, whereas subordinates have a duty to act with loyalty and discipline.

This is a culture that empowers all leaders at every level. This enables us to (3) ___________ an enemy in the most chaotic and demanding circumstances. We want to unlock the potential of every soldier. Leaders must empower their subordinates routinely because this will give them the confidence to act boldly and independently on the battlefield. Leaders must know those they lead, understand them, and place the care of their subordinates at the forefront of all that they do.

This means leaders must tolerate risk and accept honest mistakes as a natural part of leader development. Micromanagement has no place on the battlefield and in peacetime either. This is not about encouraging soldiers to be reckless or to gamble; it is about accepting errors in the pursuit of calculated risk taking, boldness and initiative. In return, we expect all soldiers to live by our values, to approach every day with an open-minded attitude that sees the potential in everyone, refuses to allow unacceptable behaviour, and seizes the opportunities that mission command offers.

The world is changing rapidly, and external factors, such as global conflict, are causing long-term effects on the Army and its leadership. Nevertheless, it is critical that we remark that some things have not changed and should not change. The values that have long governed the Army have served as a cornerstone for years. Furthermore, those values define who we are and make us different.

Adapted from www.army.mod.uk and www.moore.army.mil

Leia o texto a seguir e responda às questões 48, 49 e 50.

The Army leadership code

Our Army needs to move with the times. The operating environment is increasingly uncertain, complex and dispersed. Leadership has never been more challenging. This intent (1) ___________ how we will meet this challenge in war and in peace, with our approach to both being as similar as possible. It is to be read and (2) ___________ by all soldiers at every level. Our war fighting doctrine is based on mutual trust between leaders and those they lead. Leaders have a duty to provide the guidance, including resources that allow subordinates to use their initiative and judgment, whereas subordinates have a duty to act with loyalty and discipline.

This is a culture that empowers all leaders at every level. This enables us to (3) ___________ an enemy in the most chaotic and demanding circumstances. We want to unlock the potential of every soldier. Leaders must empower their subordinates routinely because this will give them the confidence to act boldly and independently on the battlefield. Leaders must know those they lead, understand them, and place the care of their subordinates at the forefront of all that they do.

This means leaders must tolerate risk and accept honest mistakes as a natural part of leader development. Micromanagement has no place on the battlefield and in peacetime either. This is not about encouraging soldiers to be reckless or to gamble; it is about accepting errors in the pursuit of calculated risk taking, boldness and initiative. In return, we expect all soldiers to live by our values, to approach every day with an open-minded attitude that sees the potential in everyone, refuses to allow unacceptable behaviour, and seizes the opportunities that mission command offers.

The world is changing rapidly, and external factors, such as global conflict, are causing long-term effects on the Army and its leadership. Nevertheless, it is critical that we remark that some things have not changed and should not change. The values that have long governed the Army have served as a cornerstone for years. Furthermore, those values define who we are and make us different.

Adapted from www.army.mod.uk and www.moore.army.mil

Leia o texto a seguir e responda às questões 48, 49 e 50.

The Army leadership code

Our Army needs to move with the times. The operating environment is increasingly uncertain, complex and dispersed. Leadership has never been more challenging. This intent (1) ___________ how we will meet this challenge in war and in peace, with our approach to both being as similar as possible. It is to be read and (2) ___________ by all soldiers at every level. Our war fighting doctrine is based on mutual trust between leaders and those they lead. Leaders have a duty to provide the guidance, including resources that allow subordinates to use their initiative and judgment, whereas subordinates have a duty to act with loyalty and discipline.

This is a culture that empowers all leaders at every level. This enables us to (3) ___________ an enemy in the most chaotic and demanding circumstances. We want to unlock the potential of every soldier. Leaders must empower their subordinates routinely because this will give them the confidence to act boldly and independently on the battlefield. Leaders must know those they lead, understand them, and place the care of their subordinates at the forefront of all that they do.

This means leaders must tolerate risk and accept honest mistakes as a natural part of leader development. Micromanagement has no place on the battlefield and in peacetime either. This is not about encouraging soldiers to be reckless or to gamble; it is about accepting errors in the pursuit of calculated risk taking, boldness and initiative. In return, we expect all soldiers to live by our values, to approach every day with an open-minded attitude that sees the potential in everyone, refuses to allow unacceptable behaviour, and seizes the opportunities that mission command offers.

The world is changing rapidly, and external factors, such as global conflict, are causing long-term effects on the Army and its leadership. Nevertheless, it is critical that we remark that some things have not changed and should not change. The values that have long governed the Army have served as a cornerstone for years. Furthermore, those values define who we are and make us different.

Adapted from www.army.mod.uk and www.moore.army.mil

Leia o texto a seguir e responda às questões 45, 46 e 47.

Girls freeze during soccer game as everyone hears the unmistakable sound of the national anthem

At 4:30 p.m. on a Tuesday afternoon, the Bison high school girls were hosting Butte in a Class AA playoff soccer game when a familiar sound was heard in the distance. Immediately, in the middle of the 1-0 game, both teams froze and the head referee stopped the play clock for a minute. One spectator filmed the incident, which was so simple yet so powerful a gesture. The sound that brought the game to a halt was the national anthem, which plays over the speaker system at Malmstrom Air Force Base (MAFB), directly across the street from the Siebel Soccer Park in Great Falls. Every day at 4:30 p.m., the anthem plays as the United States flag is lowered from its perch.

Usually, the teams are only practicing when the anthem plays, and they stop to honor the flag. However, on this particular Tuesday, when the anthem played at 4:30 p.m. just as it does every day, the girls on the field were in the middle of the 1-0 game. Much to the surprise of onlookers, the head referee stopped the clock, and the girls knew what to do. Both teams turned toward the flag, and some players placed their hands over their hearts. Even in the middle of a game, these girls remembered what is really important: showing respect for our anthem and our flag honors the people who fought for our freedom.

While kids behaving badly will always manage to get attention, there are plenty of other teens who know the right thing to do. All too often, these youngsters fly under the radar, not drawing the praise they deserve. But, every once in a while, the spotlight shines brightly on them when they do something particularly awesome. In a world filled with news about kids doing the wrong thing, it's nice to see a story about teens, like these girls, who do the right thing. They could certainly teach a few adults about patriotism, loyalty and love for our country. Good job, girls!

Adapted from https://post.knews899.com/girls-freeze-during-soccer-game-as-everyone-hears-the-unmistakable-sound-of-the-national-anthem-video/

Leia o texto a seguir e responda às questões 45, 46 e 47.

Girls freeze during soccer game as everyone hears the unmistakable sound of the national anthem

At 4:30 p.m. on a Tuesday afternoon, the Bison high school girls were hosting Butte in a Class AA playoff soccer game when a familiar sound was heard in the distance. Immediately, in the middle of the 1-0 game, both teams froze and the head referee stopped the play clock for a minute. One spectator filmed the incident, which was so simple yet so powerful a gesture. The sound that brought the game to a halt was the national anthem, which plays over the speaker system at Malmstrom Air Force Base (MAFB), directly across the street from the Siebel Soccer Park in Great Falls. Every day at 4:30 p.m., the anthem plays as the United States flag is lowered from its perch.

Usually, the teams are only practicing when the anthem plays, and they stop to honor the flag. However, on this particular Tuesday, when the anthem played at 4:30 p.m. just as it does every day, the girls on the field were in the middle of the 1-0 game. Much to the surprise of onlookers, the head referee stopped the clock, and the girls knew what to do. Both teams turned toward the flag, and some players placed their hands over their hearts. Even in the middle of a game, these girls remembered what is really important: showing respect for our anthem and our flag honors the people who fought for our freedom.

While kids behaving badly will always manage to get attention, there are plenty of other teens who know the right thing to do. All too often, these youngsters fly under the radar, not drawing the praise they deserve. But, every once in a while, the spotlight shines brightly on them when they do something particularly awesome. In a world filled with news about kids doing the wrong thing, it's nice to see a story about teens, like these girls, who do the right thing. They could certainly teach a few adults about patriotism, loyalty and love for our country. Good job, girls!

Adapted from https://post.knews899.com/girls-freeze-during-soccer-game-as-everyone-hears-the-unmistakable-sound-of-the-national-anthem-video/

Leia o texto a seguir e responda às questões 45, 46 e 47.

Girls freeze during soccer game as everyone hears the unmistakable sound of the national anthem

At 4:30 p.m. on a Tuesday afternoon, the Bison high school girls were hosting Butte in a Class AA playoff soccer game when a familiar sound was heard in the distance. Immediately, in the middle of the 1-0 game, both teams froze and the head referee stopped the play clock for a minute. One spectator filmed the incident, which was so simple yet so powerful a gesture. The sound that brought the game to a halt was the national anthem, which plays over the speaker system at Malmstrom Air Force Base (MAFB), directly across the street from the Siebel Soccer Park in Great Falls. Every day at 4:30 p.m., the anthem plays as the United States flag is lowered from its perch.

Usually, the teams are only practicing when the anthem plays, and they stop to honor the flag. However, on this particular Tuesday, when the anthem played at 4:30 p.m. just as it does every day, the girls on the field were in the middle of the 1-0 game. Much to the surprise of onlookers, the head referee stopped the clock, and the girls knew what to do. Both teams turned toward the flag, and some players placed their hands over their hearts. Even in the middle of a game, these girls remembered what is really important: showing respect for our anthem and our flag honors the people who fought for our freedom.

While kids behaving badly will always manage to get attention, there are plenty of other teens who know the right thing to do. All too often, these youngsters fly under the radar, not drawing the praise they deserve. But, every once in a while, the spotlight shines brightly on them when they do something particularly awesome. In a world filled with news about kids doing the wrong thing, it's nice to see a story about teens, like these girls, who do the right thing. They could certainly teach a few adults about patriotism, loyalty and love for our country. Good job, girls!

Adapted from https://post.knews899.com/girls-freeze-during-soccer-game-as-everyone-hears-the-unmistakable-sound-of-the-national-anthem-video/

Leia o texto a seguir e responda às questões 54, 55 e 56.

Letter sent in 1916 arrives over 100 years later

A letter written during World War I has finally arrived at a flat in Crystal Palace, south London, over 100 years later. According to the BBC, the envelope, sent in February 1916, bears a postmark from the English city of Bath and includes a one-penny stamp featuring the head of King George V.

The letter finally arrived two years ago at the apartment of theatre director Finlay Glen, 27, who told the outlet he was confused when he saw it in the mail and only recently gave the letter to a local historical society. "We were obviously pretty surprised and mystified as to how it could have been left there for more than 100 years," he said.

The mysterious letter was written to Katie Marsh, wife of local stamp magnate Oswald Marsh, by her friend Christabel Mennell and it describes her visit to a sanatorium in Bath where her father was a wheelchair user. The envelope also has a stamp from the Sydenham sorting office, which was in operation for over a century before it closed down in recent years. This led to speculation that the letter was found and placed in the day's post when the office was cleared out, Glen told the newspaper.

"We are uncertain what happened in this instance," a spokesperson from the Royal Mail said. "We appreciate that people will be intrigued by the history of this letter from 1916, but we have no further information on what might have happened."

Glen told the BBC that if relatives of the letter's sender, or relatives of the intended recipient, wanted the letter, he would gladly give it to them. "It's an amazing piece of their family history that has turned up," he said, "if they want to, they can come round."

Adapted from https://people.com/human-interest/letter-sent-in-1916-arrives-over-100-years-later/