Text 8A5BBB

The requirements of information security within an organization have undergone two major changes in the last several decades. Before the widespread use of data processing equipment, the security of information felt to be valuable to an organization was provided primarily by physical and administrative means. An example of the former is the use of rugged filing cabinets with a combination lock for storing sensitive documents. An example of the latter is personnel screening procedures used during the hiring process.

With the introduction of the computer, the need for automated tools for protecting files and other information stored on the computer became evident. This is especially the case for a shared system, such as a time-sharing system, and the need is even more acute for systems that can be accessed over a public telephone network, data network, or the Internet. The generic name for the collection of tools designed to protect data and to thwart hackers is computer security.

The second major change that affected security is the introduction of distributed systems and the use of networks and communications facilities for carrying data between terminal user and computer and between computer and computer. Network security measures are needed to protect data during their transmission. In fact, the term network security is somewhat misleading, because virtually all business, government, and academic organizations interconnect their data processing equipment with a collection of interconnected networks. Such a collection is often referred to as an internet, and the term internet security is used.

William Stallings. Introduction. In: Cryptography and network security: principles and practice. 3rd ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2002, p. 2 (adapted).

In text 8A5BBB, the word “often” can be correctly replaced by

Text 8A5BBB

The requirements of information security within an organization have undergone two major changes in the last several decades. Before the widespread use of data processing equipment, the security of information felt to be valuable to an organization was provided primarily by physical and administrative means. An example of the former is the use of rugged filing cabinets with a combination lock for storing sensitive documents. An example of the latter is personnel screening procedures used during the hiring process.

With the introduction of the computer, the need for automated tools for protecting files and other information stored on the computer became evident. This is especially the case for a shared system, such as a time-sharing system, and the need is even more acute for systems that can be accessed over a public telephone network, data network, or the Internet. The generic name for the collection of tools designed to protect data and to thwart hackers is computer security.

The second major change that affected security is the introduction of distributed systems and the use of networks and communications facilities for carrying data between terminal user and computer and between computer and computer. Network security measures are needed to protect data during their transmission. In fact, the term network security is somewhat misleading, because virtually all business, government, and academic organizations interconnect their data processing equipment with a collection of interconnected networks. Such a collection is often referred to as an internet, and the term internet security is used.

William Stallings. Introduction. In: Cryptography and network security: principles and practice. 3rd ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2002, p. 2 (adapted).

In text 8A5BBB, the word “former” refers to

Text 8A5BBB

The requirements of information security within an organization have undergone two major changes in the last several decades. Before the widespread use of data processing equipment, the security of information felt to be valuable to an organization was provided primarily by physical and administrative means. An example of the former is the use of rugged filing cabinets with a combination lock for storing sensitive documents. An example of the latter is personnel screening procedures used during the hiring process.

With the introduction of the computer, the need for automated tools for protecting files and other information stored on the computer became evident. This is especially the case for a shared system, such as a time-sharing system, and the need is even more acute for systems that can be accessed over a public telephone network, data network, or the Internet. The generic name for the collection of tools designed to protect data and to thwart hackers is computer security.

The second major change that affected security is the introduction of distributed systems and the use of networks and communications facilities for carrying data between terminal user and computer and between computer and computer. Network security measures are needed to protect data during their transmission. In fact, the term network security is somewhat misleading, because virtually all business, government, and academic organizations interconnect their data processing equipment with a collection of interconnected networks. Such a collection is often referred to as an internet, and the term internet security is used.

William Stallings. Introduction. In: Cryptography and network security: principles and practice. 3rd ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2002, p. 2 (adapted).

According to text 8A5BBB, a shared system

Text 8A5BBB

The requirements of information security within an organization have undergone two major changes in the last several decades. Before the widespread use of data processing equipment, the security of information felt to be valuable to an organization was provided primarily by physical and administrative means. An example of the former is the use of rugged filing cabinets with a combination lock for storing sensitive documents. An example of the latter is personnel screening procedures used during the hiring process.

With the introduction of the computer, the need for automated tools for protecting files and other information stored on the computer became evident. This is especially the case for a shared system, such as a time-sharing system, and the need is even more acute for systems that can be accessed over a public telephone network, data network, or the Internet. The generic name for the collection of tools designed to protect data and to thwart hackers is computer security.

The second major change that affected security is the introduction of distributed systems and the use of networks and communications facilities for carrying data between terminal user and computer and between computer and computer. Network security measures are needed to protect data during their transmission. In fact, the term network security is somewhat misleading, because virtually all business, government, and academic organizations interconnect their data processing equipment with a collection of interconnected networks. Such a collection is often referred to as an internet, and the term internet security is used.

William Stallings. Introduction. In: Cryptography and network security: principles and practice. 3rd ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2002, p. 2 (adapted).

Choose the option that presents the statement that best conveys the central idea of text 8A5BBB.

Text 8A5AAA

Although the basic concepts of cryptography predate the Greeks, the present word cryptography, used to describe the art of secret communication, comes from the Greek meaning “secret writing”. From its rather simple beginnings, cryptography has grown in tandem with technology and its importance has also similarly grown. Just as in its early days, good cryptographic prowess still wins wars.

As we get dragged more and more into the new information society, faceless digital communication regimes are guaranteeing neither information and personal security nor personal privacy. The technological and communications revolution has further resulted in massive global surveillance of millions of individuals by either their governments or private companies; the fight for personal privacy has never been any fiercer, and the integrity and confidentiality of data have become more urgent than ever before. The security and trust of digital transaction systems have become of critical importance as more and more organizations and businesses join the e-commerce train. The very future of global commerce is at stake in this new information society unless the security of e-commerce can be guaranteed.

Cryptography is being increasingly used to fight off this massive invasion of individual privacy and security, to guarantee data integrity and confidentiality, and to bring trust in global e-commerce. Cryptography has become the main tool for providing the needed digital security in the modern digital communication medium that far exceeds the kind of security that was offered by any medium before it.

Joseph Migga Kiza. Cryptography. In: Computer network security. Chattanooga: Springer, 2005, p. 257-8 (adapted.

In text 8A5AAA, the word “unless” conveys the idea of

Text 8A5AAA

Although the basic concepts of cryptography predate the Greeks, the present word cryptography, used to describe the art of secret communication, comes from the Greek meaning “secret writing”. From its rather simple beginnings, cryptography has grown in tandem with technology and its importance has also similarly grown. Just as in its early days, good cryptographic prowess still wins wars.

As we get dragged more and more into the new information society, faceless digital communication regimes are guaranteeing neither information and personal security nor personal privacy. The technological and communications revolution has further resulted in massive global surveillance of millions of individuals by either their governments or private companies; the fight for personal privacy has never been any fiercer, and the integrity and confidentiality of data have become more urgent than ever before. The security and trust of digital transaction systems have become of critical importance as more and more organizations and businesses join the e-commerce train. The very future of global commerce is at stake in this new information society unless the security of e-commerce can be guaranteed.

Cryptography is being increasingly used to fight off this massive invasion of individual privacy and security, to guarantee data integrity and confidentiality, and to bring trust in global e-commerce. Cryptography has become the main tool for providing the needed digital security in the modern digital communication medium that far exceeds the kind of security that was offered by any medium before it.

Joseph Migga Kiza. Cryptography. In: Computer network security. Chattanooga: Springer, 2005, p. 257-8 (adapted.

It can be said from text 8A5AAA that cryptography and technology have