Read the excerpt that follows from Khalid and Husnin’s (2019) paper “CHALLENGES AND SUPPORT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVICE TEACHERS’ PROFESSIONAL IDENTITIES”.

(extracted from Khalid and Husnin, 2019 - Challenges and support for the development of novice teachers’ professional identities)

“In order to become effective, teachers have to be professionally prepared. Teachers therefore need to experience continuing professional development so as to become more effective (Harris, 2002). For pre-service teachers, teaching practice is one of the key elements in their training (Haigh and Tuck, 1999; Hill and Brodin, 2004). Through pre-service training, student teachers are provided with experience in teaching and learning in and outside the classroom, as well as opportunities to enhance the development of their characters so as to become ethical and professional (Kennedy, 2006). Some past studies have proven that teaching practice helps pre-service teachers to have better discussions with lecturers and mentors, and thus helps pre-service teachers to determine the approaches to use and their implications in teaching (Botha and Reddy, 2011; Agbo, 2003). In addition, teaching practice has been found to help pre-service teachers to enhance those skills related to problem identification, decision making, and the selection of approaches to overcome problems in classroom situations, and has also been found to be incredibly significant in developing pre-service teachers’ confidence in themselves (Khalid, 2014). Nevertheless, teachers’ professional development is not merely limited to preservice training. Berliner (1995) views the initial stage of new teachers’ professionalism as the critical stage in which novice teachers will face numerous conflicts, responsibilities and tasks”.

That being said, relying on linguistic skills and reading techniques, check the answer which is associated with the global meaning of the excerpt of the paper provided.

Sentence can be defined as a group of one or more words. On the other hand, sentence structure is understood as the way basic grammatical elements (a subject, predicate, and sometimes direct or indirect objects) of a sentence are combined. The rules for how a sentence is constructed are simple. These include the necessity for a subject, predicate, and object (in that order) in every sentence. Beyond that, we can also add elements like prepositions and conjunctions. In English, for example, sentences can be classified as simple, complex and compound. That being said, check the answer that provides the correct information about the types of sentence structure in English.

When it comes to word formation, a prefix is an affix which is placed before a word. Adding it to the beginning of one word changes it into another word. Some prefixes are used to convey a “negative meaning”. That being said, check the answer whose prefix was not used to convey a negative meaning.

Verb forms help us to make time reference through their tense. Tense shows whether an action or a state took, take or will take place. For example, the simple past tense is used to express actions that have already happened; the simple present tense is used to express an action that is taking place or happening now; and, the simple future tense is used to express an action which will certainly take place at a time later than now. With that in mind, check the answer whose information provided is the only one correct about simple tenses sentences structure and verb conjugation.

Paragraphs are the basic building blocks of any writing.

A paragraph is a group of sentences that deal with a single topic. The parts of the paragraph are linked together by phrases and conjunctions. They guide the reader through the arguments presented. That being said, check the alternative whose information provided is the only one correct when it comes to the different types of sentences of a well-structured paragraph.

When it comes to Language Acquisition, Connectionism denies both innate rules and the existence of any innate language-learning module, for L2 input would be of greater importance than it is in processing models based on innate approaches. In Connectionism, input is the source of both the units and the rules of language. An important contribution of Connectionism to Second Language Acquisition studies is usually associated with the premise that adults are not better second language learners when compared to children. That would because, despite having superior skills than children, adults would not be considered as better second language learners. Based on such premise, check the answer whose information contains the adequate explanation for it in accordance with the Connectionist Theory.

Stephen Krashen (1985) is an expert in the field of linguistics, specializing in theories of language acquisition and development. Much of his research has involved the study of non-English and bilingual language acquisition. In a brief mention of Krashen's widely known and well-accepted theory of second language acquisition, which has had a large impact in all areas of second language research and teaching, it is correct to say that it is made of five hypotheses, which are presented below. Considering all the 5 (five) hypotheses provided by Krashen in his Acquisition Theory, match the second column by using the information provided in the first, then check the correct answer.

( ) This hypothesis reinforces that our ability to produce statements in another language is the result of unconscious knowledge and that conscious knowledge has the function of editing and correcting the output (oral productions).

( ) According to this hypothesis, learners who are poorly motivated, insecure, anxious and with low self-esteem would be prevented from connecting the input with the LAD (Language Acquisition Device).

( ) This hypothesis predicts that there is only one way to acquire the language: understanding messages.

( ) This hypothesis predicts that there are two ways to develop a second language. The first one would be unconscious and the second one would be conscious.

( ) This hypothesis suggests that we acquire the rules of a language regardless of how these rules are taught in the classroom.

“Language is a communicative tool manipulated by speakers within social networks, for communities and societies vary. Thus, language and its functions are changed”. Based on the statement provided, check the answer that better explains the picture below.

(extracted from Horobin, 2016 – How English became English)

“Languages vary” this is a very coherent statement when it comes to the study of language change phenomenon. That being said, check the answer that can be equally considered as coherent, on what matters to the study of such phenomenon.

De acordo com a LDB, Lei nº 9.394/96, “Art. 18. "Os sistemas municipais de ensino compreendem":

I. As instituições do ensino fundamental, médio e de educação infantil mantidas pelo Poder Público municipal.

II. As instituições de educação infantil criadas e mantidas pela iniciativa privada.

III. Os órgãos municipais de educação.

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