Um aluno, durante uma aula de química orgânica, apresentou um relatório em que indicava e associava alguns compostos orgânicos com o tipo de isomeria plana correspondente que eles apresentam. Ele fez as seguintes afirmativas acerca desses compostos e da isomeria correspondente:

I - os compostos butan-1-ol e butan-2-ol apresentam entre si isomeria de posição.

II - os compostos pent-2-eno e 2 metilbut-2-eno apresentam entre si isomeria de cadeia.

III - os compostos propanal e propanona apresentam entre si isomeria de compensação (metameria).

IV - os compostos etanoato de metila e metanoato de etila apresentam entre si isomeria de função.

Das afirmativas feitas pelo aluno, as que apresentam a correta relação química dos compostos orgânicos citados e o tipo de isomeria plana correspondente são apenas

Leia o texto a seguir e responda a questão.

Prison without guards or weapons in Brazil

Tatiane Correia de Lima is a 26-year-old mother of two who is serving a 12-year sentence in Brazil. The South American country has the world’s fourth largest prison population and its jails regularly come under the spotlight for their poor conditions, with chronic overcrowding and gang violence provoking deadly riots.

Lima had just been moved from a prison in the mainstream penitential system to a facility run by the Association for the Protection and Assistance to Convicts (APAC) in the town of Itaúna, in Minas Gerais state. Unlike in the mainstream system, “which steals your femininity”, as Lima puts it, at the APAC jail she is allowed to wear her own clothes and have a mirror, make-up and hair dye. But the difference between the regimes is far more than skin-deep.

The APAC system has been gaining growing recognition as a safer, cheaper and more humane answer to the country’s prison crisis. All APAC prisoners must have passed through the mainstream system and must show remorse and be willing to follow the strict regime of work and study which is part of the system’s philosophy. There are no guards or weapons and visitors are greeted by an inmate who unlocks the main door to the small women’s jail.

Inmates are known as recuperandos (recovering people), reflecting the APAC focus on restorative justice and rehabilitation. They must study and work, sometimes in collaboration with the local community. If they do not - or if they try to abscond - they risk being returned to the mainstream system. There have been physical fights but never a murder at an APAC jail.

Adapted from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-44056946

According to the text, choose the correct statement.

O mundo moderno é um voraz consumidor de energia. Atender a essa demanda, pressionada cada vez mais pelas economias emergentes, bem como observar as exigências de um mercado balizado pelo paradigma da eficiência, são desafios incontornáveis. Sobre as características e a participação das diversas fontes de energia, considere as seguintes afirmativas:

I – O drástico aumento do preço do petróleo causado pelas crises internacionais de 1973 e 1979/1980 teve um duplo efeito: viabilizou sua extração em locais de difícil acesso (Sibéria, Alasca e plataformas continentais) e estimulou a pesquisa de fontes alternativas.

II – Impulsionado pelas políticas de redução das emissões de CO₂ adotadas pela China, o gás natural já é, desde 2010, a segunda fonte de energia mais utilizada no mundo.

III – Fontes de energia como o etanol e o biodiesel despontam atualmente como excelentes alternativas, pois apresentam os seguintes benefícios: poluem menos que os combustíveis fósseis, geram vários empregos no campo e dinamizam a economia por conta do seu efeito multiplicador.

IV – Isenta de impactos ambientais, a energia eólica vem conquistando cada vez mais espaço na matriz energética de países como China, EUA, Alemanha, Espanha e Índia.

V – Países como França, Ucrânia, Japão e Coreia do Sul continuam a ter nas usinas nucleares uma importante fonte energia, mesmo com problemas relacionados à destinação dos seus rejeitos, à pressão da opinião pública e aos altos custos de construção e manutenção.

Assinale a alternativa que apresenta todas as afirmativas corretas, dentre as listadas acima.

Desde os primitivos rabiscos em uma placa de argila ou em peles de animais até a difusão maciça de aplicativos de localização e de navegação em smartphones, o uso de mapas é uma necessidade vital para o homem. Sobre esse assunto, considere as seguintes afirmativas:

I – Diferentemente dos meridianos, que possuem sempre o mesmo diâmetro, os círculos que representam os paralelos diminuem de tamanho à medida que se afastam do Equador em direção aos polos.

II – As escalas podem ser gráficas ou numéricas. As representações em escala pequena mostram áreas pequenas e com muitos detalhes.

III – A distorção (de áreas, de formas ou de distâncias) pode ser eliminada quando as projeções afiláticas são empregadas na confecção de um mapa.

IV – Anamorfose é uma forma de representação cartográfica utilizada em mapas temáticos na qual as áreas dos países, estados ou regiões são mostradas proporcionalmente à importância de sua participação no fenômeno representado.

Assinale a alternativa que apresenta todas as afirmativas corretas, dentre as listadas acima:

Devido ao intenso calor liberado, reações de termita são bastante utilizadas em aplicações militares como granadas incendiárias ou em atividades civis como solda de trilhos de trem. A reação de termita mais comum é a aluminotérmica, que utiliza como reagentes o alumínio metálico e o óxido de ferro III.

A reação de termita aluminotérmica pode ser representada pela equação química não balanceada:

Al (s) + Fe₂O₃ (s) → Fe (s) + Al₂O₃ (s) + Calor

Dados: valores arredondados de entalpias padrão de formação das espécies !$ \Delta Hº,Al_2O_3 = -1676kJ / mol; \Delta Hº, Fe_2O_3 = - 826 kJ / mol !$

Acerca desse processo, são feitas as seguintes afirmativas:

I – Após correto balanceamento, o coeficiente do reagente alumínio na equação química é 2.

II – Essa é uma reação de oxidorredução e o agente oxidante é o óxido de ferro III.

III – Na condição padrão, o !$ \Delta H !$ da reação é - 503 kJ para cada mol de óxido de alumínio produzido.

IV – Na condição padrão, para a obtenção de 56 g de ferro metálico, o calor liberado na reação é de 355 kJ.

Assinale a alternativa que apresenta todas as afirmativas corretas, dentre as listadas acima.

Leia o texto a seguir e responda a questão.

Prison without guards or weapons in Brazil

Tatiane Correia de Lima is a 26-year-old mother of two who is serving a 12-year sentence in Brazil. The South American country has the world’s fourth largest prison population and its jails regularly come under the spotlight for their poor conditions, with chronic overcrowding and gang violence provoking deadly riots.

Lima had just been moved from a prison in the mainstream penitential system to a facility run by the Association for the Protection and Assistance to Convicts (APAC) in the town of Itaúna, in Minas Gerais state. Unlike in the mainstream system, “which steals your femininity”, as Lima puts it, at the APAC jail she is allowed to wear her own clothes and have a mirror, make-up and hair dye. But the difference between the regimes is far more than skin-deep.

The APAC system has been gaining growing recognition as a safer, cheaper and more humane answer to the country’s prison crisis. All APAC prisoners must have passed through the mainstream system and must show remorse and be willing to follow the strict regime of work and study which is part of the system’s philosophy. There are no guards or weapons and visitors are greeted by an inmate who unlocks the main door to the small women’s jail.

Inmates are known as recuperandos (recovering people), reflecting the APAC focus on restorative justice and rehabilitation. They must study and work, sometimes in collaboration with the local community. If they do not - or if they try to abscond - they risk being returned to the mainstream system. There have been physical fights but never a murder at an APAC jail.

Adapted from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-44056946

In the sentence “But the difference between the regimes is far more than skin-deep.” (paragraph 2), the expression skin-deep means

A figura abaixo é uma representação dos principais climas que atuam no Brasil.

Considere os seguintes climogramas. Eles representam as médias anuais de temperatura e pluviosidade de três cidades brasileiras entre os anos de 1961-1990.

Considerando as características climáticas brasileiras, pode-se afirmar que:

A industrialização da segunda metade do século XVIII, particularmente na Inglaterra, iniciou- se com a mecanização do setor têxtil, cuja produção tinha amplos mercados nas colônias inglesas. Qual tratado abriu as portas das colônias portuguesas para as manufaturas inglesas?

Leia o texto a seguir e responda a questão.

Teaching English in the Brazilian countryside

“In Brazil, countryside youth want to learn about new places, new cultures and people. However, they think their everyday lives are an obstacle to that, because they imagine that country life has nothing to do with other parts of the world”, says Rafael Fonseca. Rafael teaches English in a language school in a cooperative coffee cultivation in Paraguaçu. His learners are the children of rural workers.

Rafael tells us that the objective of the project being developed in the cooperative is to give the young people more opportunities of growth in the countryside, and that includes the ability to communicate with international buyers. “In the future, our project may help overcome the lack of succession in countryside activities because, nowadays, rural workers’ children become lawyers, engineers, teachers, and sometimes even doctors, but those children very rarely want to have a profession related to rural work”, says Rafael.

“That happens”, he adds, “because their parents understand that life in the countryside can be hard work and they do not want to see their children running the same type of life that they have. Their children also believe that life in the country does not allow them to have contact with other parts of the world, meet other people and improve cultural bounds. The program intends to show them that by means of a second language they can travel, communicate with new people and learn about new cultures as a means of promoting and selling what they produce in the country, and that includes receiving visitors in their workplace from abroad.”

Rafael’s strategy is to contextualize the English language and keep learners up-to-date with what happens in the global market. “Integrating relevant topics about countryside living can be transformative in the classroom. The local regional and cultural aspects are a great source of inspiration and learning not only for the young, but for us all.”

Adapted from http://www.cambridge.org/elt/blog/2019/01/21/teaching-english-in-the-brazilian-classroom/

According to the text, read the statements and choose the correct alternative.

I. Rafael tries to show them that their everyday lives are not an obstacle.

II. Those children’s parents don’t want them to attend university.

III. Rafael brings classroom topics close to what the children see and live.

IV. Those children may replace their parents in the future as rural workers.

V. The language school reaffirms that country life has nothing to do with other parts of the world.

Leia o texto a seguir e responda a questão.

(Título omitido propositadamente)

Italian children have been told not to turn up to school unless they can prove they have been properly vaccinated. The deadline follows months of national debate over compulsory vaccination. The new law came amid a surge in measles cases - but Italian officials say vaccination rates have improved since it was introduced. Children must receive a range of mandatory immunisations before attending school. They include vaccinations for chickenpox, polio, measles, mumps and rubella.

Children up to the age of six years will be excluded from nursery and kindergarten without proof of vaccination under the new rules. Those aged between six and 16 cannot be banned from attending school, but their parents face fines if they do not complete the mandatory course of immunisations.

Italian media report that regional authorities are handling the situation in a number of different ways. In Bologna, the local authority has set letters of suspension to the parents of some 300 children, and a total of 5,000 children do not have their vaccine documentation up to date. In other areas there have been no reported cases, while still others have been given a grace period of a few days beyond the deadline.

The new law was passed to raise Italy’s dropping vaccination rates from below 80% to the World Health Organisation’s 95% target.

Adapted from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47536981

In the sentence “...while still others have been given a grace period of a few days...” (paragraph 3), the expression grace period means