Telecomunicaciones en Brasil

La historia de las telecomunicaciones en Brasil se remonta al siglo XIX y hasta el año de 1962 nada se había hecho para regularlas globalmente en el país. Ese año, con unas 1.200 compañías diferentes ofreciendo servicio telefónico, el Congreso brasileño promulgó el Código Brasileño de Telecomunicaciones que, entre otras cosas, creó el primer regulador nacional (CONTEL). También fue establecido un fondo para financiar infraestructuras, y se establecieron las bases para la formación de una compañía nacional que se hiciera cargo de las redes troncales. De esta forma nació EMBRATEL que, con la ayuda del fondo nacional, se embarcó en la interconexión de las redes existentes y la creación de otras nuevas.

En 1967 se estableció el Ministerio de Comunicaciones. El mismo reclamó para sí las contiendas reguladoras, hasta entonces dispersas en la estructura gubernamental brasileña, y se hizo cargo tanto de CONTEL como de EMBRATEL. En 1972 se concibió TELEBRÁS, una nueva compañía nacional que se hizo cargo de parte de los activos de EMBRATEL. El objetivo era mejorar la calidad del servicio local, aún muy deficiente. Mientras tanto otras compañías quedaban bajo régimen mixto, con participación privada.

TELEBRÁS rápidamente comenzó a comprar compañías (con ayuda del fondo gubernamental), y alrededor de los años 90 controlaba al menos el 90% de los teléfonos de Brasil, estando el resto repartidos entre cuatro compañías: tres bajo gobiernos locales y una privada. En 1995 se inició el proceso de modificar la constitución para abrir el marco legislativo, con el objetivo de liberalizar el mercado. En 1997 se instaura el nuevo regulador, ANATEL. En 1998 se produce la partición de TELEBRÁS y la creación de las llamadas Baby Bras que son privatizadas. La entrada de la competencia ha hecho posible que los cargos de acceso a la Red estén entre los más bajos de la región.

Internet: <www.baquia.com/com/legacy/8630.htmL> (con adaptaciones).

This text refer to item.

Japan and Korea are outstanding markets in terms of the world’s advances in cellular telephony, where multimedia applications have surged into feverish popularity. Users in these countries have demanded velocity and high quality data transmission — such as images, videos and sounds — as the principal distinctive features for the cellular telephone. Although the industry in Brazil is not yet experiencing the same phase as in the Asian countries, innovative third generation services, aligned with world-class technology, are already present, with data transmission speeds of up to 2.4 Mbps.

In fact, in some cases, Brazil has held multimedia application launches simultaneously with the United States, tremendously increasing the economic and digital inclusion that cellular telephony has fomented in recent years. The heavy impact of mobile communication on Brazilian society can be measured by the expansion of the customer base, which has been growing at historic rates of 30% a year and now serves over 50 million customers. In other words, four out of every ten Brazilians have a cellular telephone.

The importance of mobile telephony has already surpassed that of the traditional fixed telephone system, because the cell phone actually fulfills the function of taking communication to all levels of the population. Its widespread network has opened gateways to regions that formerly had not been benefited by the implementation of a fixed telephone system, such as, for example, many rural areas that are now mobile telephone customers.

The responsibility that cellular telephony carries as an instrument for transforming people’s lives tends to increase enormously in the short term. In Brazil, third generation CDMA 3G EVDO service is already offered and is able to provide handheld resources, similar to CD, DVD and TV, anywhere and at any time, based on Qualcomm's cutting edge CDMA technology.

Internet: <www.wirtel.co.uk> (with adaptations).

This text refer to item.

Japan and Korea are outstanding markets in terms of the world’s advances in cellular telephony, where multimedia applications have surged into feverish popularity. Users in these countries have demanded velocity and high quality data transmission — such as images, videos and sounds — as the principal distinctive features for the cellular telephone. Although the industry in Brazil is not yet experiencing the same phase as in the Asian countries, innovative third generation services, aligned with world-class technology, are already present, with data transmission speeds of up to 2.4 Mbps.

In fact, in some cases, Brazil has held multimedia application launches simultaneously with the United States, tremendously increasing the economic and digital inclusion that cellular telephony has fomented in recent years. The heavy impact of mobile communication on Brazilian society can be measured by the expansion of the customer base, which has been growing at historic rates of 30% a year and now serves over 50 million customers. In other words, four out of every ten Brazilians have a cellular telephone.

The importance of mobile telephony has already surpassed that of the traditional fixed telephone system, because the cell phone actually fulfills the function of taking communication to all levels of the population. Its widespread network has opened gateways to regions that formerly had not been benefited by the implementation of a fixed telephone system, such as, for example, many rural areas that are now mobile telephone customers.

The responsibility that cellular telephony carries as an instrument for transforming people’s lives tends to increase enormously in the short term. In Brazil, third generation CDMA 3G EVDO service is already offered and is able to provide handheld resources, similar to CD, DVD and TV, anywhere and at any time, based on Qualcomm's cutting edge CDMA technology.

Internet: <www.wirtel.co.uk> (with adaptations).

This text refer to item.

Japan and Korea are outstanding markets in terms of the world’s advances in cellular telephony, where multimedia applications have surged into feverish popularity. Users in these countries have demanded velocity and high quality data transmission — such as images, videos and sounds — as the principal distinctive features for the cellular telephone. Although the industry in Brazil is not yet experiencing the same phase as in the Asian countries, innovative third generation services, aligned with world-class technology, are already present, with data transmission speeds of up to 2.4 Mbps.

In fact, in some cases, Brazil has held multimedia application launches simultaneously with the United States, tremendously increasing the economic and digital inclusion that cellular telephony has fomented in recent years. The heavy impact of mobile communication on Brazilian society can be measured by the expansion of the customer base, which has been growing at historic rates of 30% a year and now serves over 50 million customers. In other words, four out of every ten Brazilians have a cellular telephone.

The importance of mobile telephony has already surpassed that of the traditional fixed telephone system, because the cell phone actually fulfills the function of taking communication to all levels of the population. Its widespread network has opened gateways to regions that formerly had not been benefited by the implementation of a fixed telephone system, such as, for example, many rural areas that are now mobile telephone customers.

The responsibility that cellular telephony carries as an instrument for transforming people’s lives tends to increase enormously in the short term. In Brazil, third generation CDMA 3G EVDO service is already offered and is able to provide handheld resources, similar to CD, DVD and TV, anywhere and at any time, based on Qualcomm's cutting edge CDMA technology.

Internet: <www.wirtel.co.uk> (with adaptations).

This text refer to item.

Japan and Korea are outstanding markets in terms of the world’s advances in cellular telephony, where multimedia applications have surged into feverish popularity. Users in these countries have demanded velocity and high quality data transmission — such as images, videos and sounds — as the principal distinctive features for the cellular telephone. Although the industry in Brazil is not yet experiencing the same phase as in the Asian countries, innovative third generation services, aligned with world-class technology, are already present, with data transmission speeds of up to 2.4 Mbps.

In fact, in some cases, Brazil has held multimedia application launches simultaneously with the United States, tremendously increasing the economic and digital inclusion that cellular telephony has fomented in recent years. The heavy impact of mobile communication on Brazilian society can be measured by the expansion of the customer base, which has been growing at historic rates of 30% a year and now serves over 50 million customers. In other words, four out of every ten Brazilians have a cellular telephone.

The importance of mobile telephony has already surpassed that of the traditional fixed telephone system, because the cell phone actually fulfills the function of taking communication to all levels of the population. Its widespread network has opened gateways to regions that formerly had not been benefited by the implementation of a fixed telephone system, such as, for example, many rural areas that are now mobile telephone customers.

The responsibility that cellular telephony carries as an instrument for transforming people’s lives tends to increase enormously in the short term. In Brazil, third generation CDMA 3G EVDO service is already offered and is able to provide handheld resources, similar to CD, DVD and TV, anywhere and at any time, based on Qualcomm's cutting edge CDMA technology.

Internet: <www.wirtel.co.uk> (with adaptations).

This text refer to item.

Japan and Korea are outstanding markets in terms of the world’s advances in cellular telephony, where multimedia applications have surged into feverish popularity. Users in these countries have demanded velocity and high quality data transmission — such as images, videos and sounds — as the principal distinctive features for the cellular telephone. Although the industry in Brazil is not yet experiencing the same phase as in the Asian countries, innovative third generation services, aligned with world-class technology, are already present, with data transmission speeds of up to 2.4 Mbps.

In fact, in some cases, Brazil has held multimedia application launches simultaneously with the United States, tremendously increasing the economic and digital inclusion that cellular telephony has fomented in recent years. The heavy impact of mobile communication on Brazilian society can be measured by the expansion of the customer base, which has been growing at historic rates of 30% a year and now serves over 50 million customers. In other words, four out of every ten Brazilians have a cellular telephone.

The importance of mobile telephony has already surpassed that of the traditional fixed telephone system, because the cell phone actually fulfills the function of taking communication to all levels of the population. Its widespread network has opened gateways to regions that formerly had not been benefited by the implementation of a fixed telephone system, such as, for example, many rural areas that are now mobile telephone customers.

The responsibility that cellular telephony carries as an instrument for transforming people’s lives tends to increase enormously in the short term. In Brazil, third generation CDMA 3G EVDO service is already offered and is able to provide handheld resources, similar to CD, DVD and TV, anywhere and at any time, based on Qualcomm's cutting edge CDMA technology.

Internet: <www.wirtel.co.uk> (with adaptations).

Folha — O sr. concorda que muitas das restrições impostas pelo Estado são impostas por pensamentos “puritanos” de parte da sociedade?

Giannetti — A opinião pública pode, sim, se tornar uma força tirânica e muito cerceadora, tanto quanto a regulamentação estatal. São dois mecanismos diferentes de coerção e de cerceamento.

Na verdade, o que estamos aprendendo hoje é que o cérebro humano é modular. Esses módulos do cérebro têm motivações diferentes, e há um processo permanente de negociação entre áreas do cérebro que nos motivam a fazer coisas diferentes. O indivíduo está permanentemente e internamente cindido, renegociando consigo mesmo o que ele faz. E essa negociação é escorregadia.

O que acontece é que, muitas vezes ciente dessa dificuldade de agir tal como ele preferiria, pede que alguma força de fora, o Estado, defina para ele os termos da transação. Ele está tentando fazer um contrato com ele mesmo, por meio do Estado.

Folha de S. Paulo, 23/10/2005. Trecho da entrevista concedida pelo economista Eduardo Giannetti (com adaptações).

Com relação a aspectos morfossintáticos do trecho de entrevista apresentado no texto acima, julgue o próximo item.

O trecho inicial da resposta apresentada pelo entrevistado assim pode ser mencionado, de forma correta e fidedigna: O economista, Giannetti, afirmou que, apesar de serem instrumentos distintos de coerção e cerceamento da liberdade, pode a opinião pública, tal como a regulamentação estatal, força tirânica e muito cerceadora, impor restrições a conduta da sociedade.

This text refer to item.

Japan and Korea are outstanding markets in terms of the world’s advances in cellular telephony, where multimedia applications have surged into feverish popularity. Users in these countries have demanded velocity and high quality data transmission — such as images, videos and sounds — as the principal distinctive features for the cellular telephone. Although the industry in Brazil is not yet experiencing the same phase as in the Asian countries, innovative third generation services, aligned with world-class technology, are already present, with data transmission speeds of up to 2.4 Mbps.

In fact, in some cases, Brazil has held multimedia application launches simultaneously with the United States, tremendously increasing the economic and digital inclusion that cellular telephony has fomented in recent years. The heavy impact of mobile communication on Brazilian society can be measured by the expansion of the customer base, which has been growing at historic rates of 30% a year and now serves over 50 million customers. In other words, four out of every ten Brazilians have a cellular telephone.

The importance of mobile telephony has already surpassed that of the traditional fixed telephone system, because the cell phone actually fulfills the function of taking communication to all levels of the population. Its widespread network has opened gateways to regions that formerly had not been benefited by the implementation of a fixed telephone system, such as, for example, many rural areas that are now mobile telephone customers.

The responsibility that cellular telephony carries as an instrument for transforming people’s lives tends to increase enormously in the short term. In Brazil, third generation CDMA 3G EVDO service is already offered and is able to provide handheld resources, similar to CD, DVD and TV, anywhere and at any time, based on Qualcomm's cutting edge CDMA technology.

Internet: <www.wirtel.co.uk> (with adaptations).

This text refer to item.

Japan and Korea are outstanding markets in terms of the world’s advances in cellular telephony, where multimedia applications have surged into feverish popularity. Users in these countries have demanded velocity and high quality data transmission — such as images, videos and sounds — as the principal distinctive features for the cellular telephone. Although the industry in Brazil is not yet experiencing the same phase as in the Asian countries, innovative third generation services, aligned with world-class technology, are already present, with data transmission speeds of up to 2.4 Mbps.

In fact, in some cases, Brazil has held multimedia application launches simultaneously with the United States, tremendously increasing the economic and digital inclusion that cellular telephony has fomented in recent years. The heavy impact of mobile communication on Brazilian society can be measured by the expansion of the customer base, which has been growing at historic rates of 30% a year and now serves over 50 million customers. In other words, four out of every ten Brazilians have a cellular telephone.

The importance of mobile telephony has already surpassed that of the traditional fixed telephone system, because the cell phone actually fulfills the function of taking communication to all levels of the population. Its widespread network has opened gateways to regions that formerly had not been benefited by the implementation of a fixed telephone system, such as, for example, many rural areas that are now mobile telephone customers.

The responsibility that cellular telephony carries as an instrument for transforming people’s lives tends to increase enormously in the short term. In Brazil, third generation CDMA 3G EVDO service is already offered and is able to provide handheld resources, similar to CD, DVD and TV, anywhere and at any time, based on Qualcomm's cutting edge CDMA technology.

Internet: <www.wirtel.co.uk> (with adaptations).

Folha — O sr. concorda que muitas das restrições impostas pelo Estado são impostas por pensamentos “puritanos” de parte da sociedade?

Giannetti — A opinião pública pode, sim, se tornar uma força tirânica e muito cerceadora, tanto quanto a regulamentação estatal. São dois mecanismos diferentes de coerção e de cerceamento.

Na verdade, o que estamos aprendendo hoje é que o cérebro humano é modular. Esses módulos do cérebro têm motivações diferentes, e há um processo permanente de negociação entre áreas do cérebro que nos motivam a fazer coisas diferentes. O indivíduo está permanentemente e internamente cindido, renegociando consigo mesmo o que ele faz. E essa negociação é escorregadia.

O que acontece é que, muitas vezes ciente dessa dificuldade de agir tal como ele preferiria, pede que alguma força de fora, o Estado, defina para ele os termos da transação. Ele está tentando fazer um contrato com ele mesmo, por meio do Estado.

Folha de S. Paulo, 23/10/2005. Trecho da entrevista concedida pelo economista Eduardo Giannetti (com adaptações).

Com relação a aspectos morfossintáticos do trecho de entrevista apresentado no texto acima, julgue o próximo item.

Atenderia às regras prescritas pela gramática a seguinte formulação da pergunta feita ao entrevistado: O senhor concorda com a idéia de que, entre as restrições estabelecidas pelo Estado, muitas são impostas por pensamentos “puritanos” de parte da sociedade?