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AI has made it easier than ever to find information: Ask ChatGPT almost anything, and the system swiftly delivers an answer. But the large language models that power popular tools like OpenAI’s ChatGPT or Anthropic’s Claude were not designed to be accurate or factual. They regularly “hallucinate” and offer up falsehoods as if they were hard facts.

Yet people are relying more and more on AI to answer their questions. Half of all people in the U.S. between the ages of 14 and 22 now use AI to get information, according to a 2024 Harvard study.

https://theconversation.com/heres-how-researchers-are-helping-ais-gettheir-facts-straight-245463

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Like many English words, other possesses great flexibility in meaning and function. Over the past few centuries, it has served as an adjective, an adverb, a noun, and a pronoun. In recent decades, other has increased its part-of-speech portfolio to include verb use, having acquired the meaning "to treat or consider (a person or a group of people) as alien to oneself or one's group.” Some people find it disconcerting when a word takes on a new part of speech, a process known as functional shift. The phenomenon is quite common, however -- our language contains many thousands of words which are reported to have been formed in this fashion.

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/other.

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Like many English words, other possesses great flexibility in meaning and function. Over the past few centuries, it has served as an adjective, an adverb, a noun, and a pronoun. In recent decades, other has increased its part-of-speech portfolio to include verb use, having acquired the meaning "to treat or consider (a person or a group of people) as alien to oneself or one's group.” Some people find it disconcerting when a word takes on a new part of speech, a process known as functional shift. The phenomenon is quite common, however -- our language contains many thousands of words which are reported to have been formed in this fashion.

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/other.

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Like many English words, other possesses great flexibility in meaning and function. Over the past few centuries, it has served as an adjective, an adverb, a noun, and a pronoun. In recent decades, other has increased its part-of-speech portfolio to include verb use, having acquired the meaning "to treat or consider (a person or a group of people) as alien to oneself or one's group.” Some people find it disconcerting when a word takes on a new part of speech, a process known as functional shift. The phenomenon is quite common, however -- our language contains many thousands of words which are reported to have been formed in this fashion.

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/other.

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Speakers use a finite set of rules to produce and understand an infinite set of possible sentences. These rules comprise the grammar of a language, which is learned when you acquire the language and includes the sound system, the structure of words, how words may be combined into phrases and sentences, the ways in which sounds and meanings are related, and the words or lexicon. The sounds and meanings of these words are related in an arbitrary fashion. And so are the gestures used by deaf signers. Language, then, is a system that relates sounds (or hand and body gestures) with meanings; when you know a language you know this system.

FROMKIN, V., Rodman, R., Hyams, N. An Introduction to Language. 10th edition Wadsworth Cengage. Learning. 2013. Adaptado

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Speakers use a finite set of rules to produce and understand an infinite set of possible sentences. These rules comprise the grammar of a language, which is learned when you acquire the language and includes the sound system, the structure of words, how words may be combined into phrases and sentences, the ways in which sounds and meanings are related, and the words or lexicon. The sounds and meanings of these words are related in an arbitrary fashion. And so are the gestures used by deaf signers. Language, then, is a system that relates sounds (or hand and body gestures) with meanings; when you know a language you know this system.

FROMKIN, V., Rodman, R., Hyams, N. An Introduction to Language. 10th edition Wadsworth Cengage. Learning. 2013. Adaptado

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Because the culture of any community has many facets and manifestations, it would be practically impossible to deal with all of them in the classroom and prepare students for the many situations that they might encounter in the course of their functioning in ESL/EFL environments. However, many important aspects of teaching the second culture can be brought forth and addressed via classroom instruction, and some of these are discussed here. The most important long-term benefits of teaching culture may be to provide learners with the awareness and the tools that will allow them to achieve their academic, professional, social, and personal goals and become successful in their daily functioning in L2 environments.

CELCE-MURCIA, M. et alii. Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language. 4th ed. USA, Cengage Learning (2013). Adaptado.