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INSTRUCTION: Now read carefully the text below; then mark the alternatives that answer the questions or complete the sentences in the question.
Amy watched six taxis avoid her and go deliberately towards other people. Then she began to realise she was suffering from advanced paranoia and that she had better cut her losses and take the tube home. She was already so late and angry, that the lurching crowded journey couldn’t make her much worse. And there was the danger that if she stood much longer on the side of the street being ignored by rush hour taxi drivers she might lose her small remaining ration of sanity. And she needed to hold on to what she had for tonight.
Tonight Ed’s sister and her husband were coming to dinner. Tonight, for the first time, she would meet the Big Mama figure in Ed’s American family, the one they all bowed to, the one Ed had practically written to for permission to marry Amy. At the time Amy had thought it funny; she had even suggested that her dental reports and Photostats of her GCE certificates be sent to New York. But three years later, after a period of watching Ed write his monthly letter to his big sister Bella, she found it less funny. She was never shown those letters and in pique she had opened one before posting it. It was an infantile report on how their life had been progressing since last month: childish details about the floor covering they had bought for the kitchen, aspirations that Ed’s salary would be reviewed and upped. Praise for a new dress that Amy had bought, minutiae about a picnic they had had with another couple. It had made Amy uneasy, because it had made Ed seem retarded. It was the kind of letter that a mother might expect from a small son who had gone off to summer camp, not something that a sister in far away America should need or want.
Ed had been euphoric about the visit. It had been planned for over three months. Bella and her husband Blair were coming to London for three days as part of a European tour. They would arrive in the morning; they did not want to be met, they preferred to recover from their jet lag alone in the privacy of a good hotel with a comfortable bedroom and bathroom.
Fully refreshed, at seven p.m. they would come and see their beloved Ed and welcome their new sister Amy to the family. Next day there would be a tour to Windsor and an evening at the theatre, with a dinner for the four of them. And on the Saturday morning, Amy might kindly take her new sister Bella shopping, and point out the best places, introduce her to the heads of departments in the better stores. They would have a super girly lunch, and then Bella and Blair should fly out of their lives to Paris.
Normally, on any ordinary Thursday, Amy came home from Harley Street, where she worked as a doctor’s receptionist, took off her shoes, put on her slippers, unpacked her shopping, organized a meal, lit the fire and then Ed would arrive home. Their evenings had begun to have a regular pattern. Ed came home tense and tired. Little by little, in front of the fire, he would unwind; little by little he relaxed his grip on the file of papers he had brought back from the office. He would have a sherry, his face would lose its lines; and then he would agree really that there was no point in trying to do too much work in the evening.
And afterwards, he would carve away happily at the table he was making, or watch television, or do the crossword with Amy; and she realized happily that she was essential to him, because only her kind of understanding could make him uncoil and regard his life as a happy, unworrying thing.
That was all before the threatened visit of Bella.
In: BINCHY, Maeve. Victoria Line, Central Line. Hodder and Stoughton: Coronet Books, 1982, p.11-12.
Amy’s husband Ed’s sister and brother in law
 

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INSTRUCTION: Now read carefully the next text; then mark the alternatives that answer the questions or complete the sentences in the question.
As it turned out, there were more than enough strawberries for supper. Julie didn’t come back.
The dinner, though delicious, could hardly be said to be festive. It was as if all the accumulated tensions of the last days had gathered that evening at the dining-table, building slowly up like the thunderheads that stood steadily on the horizon outside.
Con had come in early, rather quiet, with watchful eyes, and lines from nostril to chin that I hadn’t noticed before. Grandfather seemed to have recruited his energies with his afternoon rest: his eyes were bright and a little malicious as he glanced round the table, and marked the taut air of waiting that hung over the meal. It was his moment of power, and he knew it.
If it had needed anything to bring the tensions to snapping-point, Julie’s absence provided it. At first it was only assumed that she was late, but, as the meal wore through, and it became apparent that she wasn’t coming, Grandfather started making irritatingly frequent remarks about the forgetfulness and ingratitude of young people, that were intended to sound pathetic, but only managed to sound thoroughly bad-tempered.
Con ate more or less in silence, but a silence so unrelaxed as to be almost aggressive. It was apparent that Grandfather thought so, for he kept casting bright, hard looks under his brows, and once or twice seemed on the verge of the sort of edged and provocative remark with which he had been prodding his great-nephew for days.
I drew what fire I could, chattering shamelessly, and had the dubious satisfaction of attracting most of the old man’s attention to myself, some of it so obviously affectionate – pointedly so – that I saw, once or twice, Con’s glance cross mine like the flicker of blue steel. Afterwards, I thought, when he knows, when that restless, torturing ambition is settled at last, it will be all right …
As Grandfather had predicted, Donald’s presence saved the day. He seconded my efforts with great gallantry, making several remarks at least three sentences long; but he, too, was unable to keep his eyes from the clock, while Lisa, presiding over a magnificent pair of ducklings à la Rouennaise, and the strawberries hastily assembled into whipped cream Chantilly, merely sat unhelpfully silent and worried, and, in consequence, looking sour.
The end of the meal came, and the coffee, and still no Julie. We all left the dining-room together.
STEWART, Mary. The Ivy Tree.
Great Britain: Coronet Edition, 1987 (Adapted).
The suffix ly, used after adjectives, is formative of adverbs of manner. One of the following words, all found in the text, is not an adverb formed with the suffix.
 

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Questão presente nas seguintes provas
INSTRUCTION: Read the following text carefully and then mark the alternatives that complete the sentences in the question.
3 Tips for Teaching Reading in a Foreign Language
June 15, 2015 Giwan Persaud
Reading is a great skill to have. It’s something we can do anytime, anywhere. Today I want to share with you some tips about teaching reading skills in foreign languages to young learners. Ready? Let’s go.
1. Traffic Light Reading.
This is one of my all-time favourite exercises for teaching reading. The idea is that you pick an appropriately levelled text (this can be adapted to any level!), take the text in question, or a segment of it, and reread it three times. The first time you read with a green pen or pencil in hand and underline every single thing you understand. This is great because it includes numbers, places, and names meaning that every student is guaranteed some green on their page. What a confidence booster!
Then students re-read the text. This time with an orange pen at the ready. The orange is for those words that look familiar or could be guessed, but that students aren’t 100% sure about. There should be less of these. Encourage students to also have the green pen ready as they may notice ‘green’ words they didn’t see the first time around. And finally, as you may well have guessed, the red pen comes in and underlines every completely unknown word. Providing that the text is of the right level, there should be a nice shade of green filling the page with the odd orange and red spec.
I find this activity constantly boosts students confidence as they see a black and white page in a foreign language come to life in colour. So many students are amazing and really pleased with themselves about how much they can actually understand when they take the time to focus on a text. One of my all-time favourites.
Available at: <http://www.duolir.com/blog/2015/6/13/3-tips-forteaching-reading-in-a-foreign-language> (Adapted).
The article prescribes that the activity text
 

Provas

Questão presente nas seguintes provas
INSTRUCTION: Now read carefully the text below; then mark the alternatives that answer the questions or complete the sentences in the question.
Amy watched six taxis avoid her and go deliberately towards other people. Then she began to realise she was suffering from advanced paranoia and that she had better cut her losses and take the tube home. She was already so late and angry, that the lurching crowded journey couldn’t make her much worse. And there was the danger that if she stood much longer on the side of the street being ignored by rush hour taxi drivers she might lose her small remaining ration of sanity. And she needed to hold on to what she had for tonight.
Tonight Ed’s sister and her husband were coming to dinner. Tonight, for the first time, she would meet the Big Mama figure in Ed’s American family, the one they all bowed to, the one Ed had practically written to for permission to marry Amy. At the time Amy had thought it funny; she had even suggested that her dental reports and Photostats of her GCE certificates be sent to New York. But three years later, after a period of watching Ed write his monthly letter to his big sister Bella, she found it less funny. She was never shown those letters and in pique she had opened one before posting it. It was an infantile report on how their life had been progressing since last month: childish details about the floor covering they had bought for the kitchen, aspirations that Ed’s salary would be reviewed and upped. Praise for a new dress that Amy had bought, minutiae about a picnic they had had with another couple. It had made Amy uneasy, because it had made Ed seem retarded. It was the kind of letter that a mother might expect from a small son who had gone off to summer camp, not something that a sister in far away America should need or want.
Ed had been euphoric about the visit. It had been planned for over three months. Bella and her husband Blair were coming to London for three days as part of a European tour. They would arrive in the morning; they did not want to be met, they preferred to recover from their jet lag alone in the privacy of a good hotel with a comfortable bedroom and bathroom.
Fully refreshed, at seven p.m. they would come and see their beloved Ed and welcome their new sister Amy to the family. Next day there would be a tour to Windsor and an evening at the theatre, with a dinner for the four of them. And on the Saturday morning, Amy might kindly take her new sister Bella shopping, and point out the best places, introduce her to the heads of departments in the better stores. They would have a super girly lunch, and then Bella and Blair should fly out of their lives to Paris.
Normally, on any ordinary Thursday, Amy came home from Harley Street, where she worked as a doctor’s receptionist, took off her shoes, put on her slippers, unpacked her shopping, organized a meal, lit the fire and then Ed would arrive home. Their evenings had begun to have a regular pattern. Ed came home tense and tired. Little by little, in front of the fire, he would unwind; little by little he relaxed his grip on the file of papers he had brought back from the office. He would have a sherry, his face would lose its lines; and then he would agree really that there was no point in trying to do too much work in the evening.
And afterwards, he would carve away happily at the table he was making, or watch television, or do the crossword with Amy; and she realized happily that she was essential to him, because only her kind of understanding could make him uncoil and regard his life as a happy, unworrying thing.
That was all before the threatened visit of Bella.
In: BINCHY, Maeve. Victoria Line, Central Line. Hodder and Stoughton: Coronet Books, 1982, p.11-12.
In the sentence “And she needed to hold on to what she had for tonight.”, the word what stands for
 

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Questão presente nas seguintes provas
INSTRUCTION: Read carefully the next text; then mark the alternatives that answer the questions or complete the sentences in the question.
Four ways to give ELL students feedback on their writing

Larry Ferlazzo
There does not seem to be clarity among researchers about the best ways to assist ELLs in revising their writing, but they all seem to agree that one of the best things teachers can do is to give ELLs more time - more time to write, more time to think, more time to revise. This need is one of the major reasons why many researchers recommend including an opportunity for peer review and feedback - this process provides more time, as well as providing social support.
One element that we have students use in this process:
1. After students have completed their draft on the computer using Microsoft Word or Google Docs (taking advantage of the spelling and grammar tools available on each), they print out two copies of their essay - one is for their peer reviewer. Each student also gets one copy of the peer review sheet.
The first student who is getting their essay reviewed reads the essay aloud and the reviewer follows along on his/her copy. During this time, both the writer and the reviewer make notes about mistakes and improvements, primarily targeting grammar and sentence construction issues. After the writer is done reading, both he/she and the reviewer discuss the points they both noted. Then, the reviewer goes through the Peer Review sheet one section at a time taking a minute or so to silently read that section of the essay and noting suggestions on the sheet. After he/she is done with each section, the reviewer shares comments with the writer, who makes notes on his/her copy of the essay. This process is repeated until the entire sheet is completed, and then the roles are reversed.
Note that teachers will probably want to modify the Peer Review Sheet to reflect the essay their students are writing.
2. The teachers will then quickly review this “marked-up” version of the essay with the student and, depending on their English proficiency and overall confidence level, may give specific feedback on one or two grammar issues by pointing at the mistake and having students identify the correction. More importantly, they’ll note to themselves what specific skills they need to cover in future lessons.
3. Students will return to the electronic version of the essay they saved and make the revisions identified in the peer review process and in the follow-up conversation teachers had with them.

Pointing

This is a simple way to provide feedback.
A number of studies suggest that correction -- either through prompts that point out the error to a student and require an immediate attempt at a “repair” or through “recasts” when teachers rephrase correctly what the student said -- can be a useful tool to assist language acquisition. When teachers see a written mistake, they commonly point to it - whether it be a word or a punctuation issue. Students are typically then able to correct it then and there.
Available at: <https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/blogs/larryferlazzo/larry-ferlazzo-four-ways-give-ell-students-feedbacktheir-writing>. Acessed on: July 15th, 2018 (Adapted).
According to the text, what ELLs students should not have from their teachers is more time to
 

Provas

Questão presente nas seguintes provas
INSTRUCTION: Now read carefully the text below; then mark the alternatives that answer the questions or complete the sentences in the question.
Amy watched six taxis avoid her and go deliberately towards other people. Then she began to realise she was suffering from advanced paranoia and that she had better cut her losses and take the tube home. She was already so late and angry, that the lurching crowded journey couldn’t make her much worse. And there was the danger that if she stood much longer on the side of the street being ignored by rush hour taxi drivers she might lose her small remaining ration of sanity. And she needed to hold on to what she had for tonight.
Tonight Ed’s sister and her husband were coming to dinner. Tonight, for the first time, she would meet the Big Mama figure in Ed’s American family, the one they all bowed to, the one Ed had practically written to for permission to marry Amy. At the time Amy had thought it funny; she had even suggested that her dental reports and Photostats of her GCE certificates be sent to New York. But three years later, after a period of watching Ed write his monthly letter to his big sister Bella, she found it less funny. She was never shown those letters and in pique she had opened one before posting it. It was an infantile report on how their life had been progressing since last month: childish details about the floor covering they had bought for the kitchen, aspirations that Ed’s salary would be reviewed and upped. Praise for a new dress that Amy had bought, minutiae about a picnic they had had with another couple. It had made Amy uneasy, because it had made Ed seem retarded. It was the kind of letter that a mother might expect from a small son who had gone off to summer camp, not something that a sister in far away America should need or want.
Ed had been euphoric about the visit. It had been planned for over three months. Bella and her husband Blair were coming to London for three days as part of a European tour. They would arrive in the morning; they did not want to be met, they preferred to recover from their jet lag alone in the privacy of a good hotel with a comfortable bedroom and bathroom.
Fully refreshed, at seven p.m. they would come and see their beloved Ed and welcome their new sister Amy to the family. Next day there would be a tour to Windsor and an evening at the theatre, with a dinner for the four of them. And on the Saturday morning, Amy might kindly take her new sister Bella shopping, and point out the best places, introduce her to the heads of departments in the better stores. They would have a super girly lunch, and then Bella and Blair should fly out of their lives to Paris.
Normally, on any ordinary Thursday, Amy came home from Harley Street, where she worked as a doctor’s receptionist, took off her shoes, put on her slippers, unpacked her shopping, organized a meal, lit the fire and then Ed would arrive home. Their evenings had begun to have a regular pattern. Ed came home tense and tired. Little by little, in front of the fire, he would unwind; little by little he relaxed his grip on the file of papers he had brought back from the office. He would have a sherry, his face would lose its lines; and then he would agree really that there was no point in trying to do too much work in the evening.
And afterwards, he would carve away happily at the table he was making, or watch television, or do the crossword with Amy; and she realized happily that she was essential to him, because only her kind of understanding could make him uncoil and regard his life as a happy, unworrying thing.
That was all before the threatened visit of Bella.
In: BINCHY, Maeve. Victoria Line, Central Line. Hodder and Stoughton: Coronet Books, 1982, p.11-12.
Reading the text, it becomes clear that Amy
 

Provas

Questão presente nas seguintes provas
INSTRUCTION: Now read carefully the text below; then mark the alternatives that answer the questions or complete the sentences in the question.
Amy watched six taxis avoid her and go deliberately towards other people. Then she began to realise she was suffering from advanced paranoia and that she had better cut her losses and take the tube home. She was already so late and angry, that the lurching crowded journey couldn’t make her much worse. And there was the danger that if she stood much longer on the side of the street being ignored by rush hour taxi drivers she might lose her small remaining ration of sanity. And she needed to hold on to what she had for tonight.
Tonight Ed’s sister and her husband were coming to dinner. Tonight, for the first time, she would meet the Big Mama figure in Ed’s American family, the one they all bowed to, the one Ed had practically written to for permission to marry Amy. At the time Amy had thought it funny; she had even suggested that her dental reports and Photostats of her GCE certificates be sent to New York. But three years later, after a period of watching Ed write his monthly letter to his big sister Bella, she found it less funny. She was never shown those letters and in pique she had opened one before posting it. It was an infantile report on how their life had been progressing since last month: childish details about the floor covering they had bought for the kitchen, aspirations that Ed’s salary would be reviewed and upped. Praise for a new dress that Amy had bought, minutiae about a picnic they had had with another couple. It had made Amy uneasy, because it had made Ed seem retarded. It was the kind of letter that a mother might expect from a small son who had gone off to summer camp, not something that a sister in far away America should need or want.
Ed had been euphoric about the visit. It had been planned for over three months. Bella and her husband Blair were coming to London for three days as part of a European tour. They would arrive in the morning; they did not want to be met, they preferred to recover from their jet lag alone in the privacy of a good hotel with a comfortable bedroom and bathroom.
Fully refreshed, at seven p.m. they would come and see their beloved Ed and welcome their new sister Amy to the family. Next day there would be a tour to Windsor and an evening at the theatre, with a dinner for the four of them. And on the Saturday morning, Amy might kindly take her new sister Bella shopping, and point out the best places, introduce her to the heads of departments in the better stores. They would have a super girly lunch, and then Bella and Blair should fly out of their lives to Paris.
Normally, on any ordinary Thursday, Amy came home from Harley Street, where she worked as a doctor’s receptionist, took off her shoes, put on her slippers, unpacked her shopping, organized a meal, lit the fire and then Ed would arrive home. Their evenings had begun to have a regular pattern. Ed came home tense and tired. Little by little, in front of the fire, he would unwind; little by little he relaxed his grip on the file of papers he had brought back from the office. He would have a sherry, his face would lose its lines; and then he would agree really that there was no point in trying to do too much work in the evening.
And afterwards, he would carve away happily at the table he was making, or watch television, or do the crossword with Amy; and she realized happily that she was essential to him, because only her kind of understanding could make him uncoil and regard his life as a happy, unworrying thing.
That was all before the threatened visit of Bella.
In: BINCHY, Maeve. Victoria Line, Central Line. Hodder and Stoughton: Coronet Books, 1982, p.11-12.
In the third paragraph of the text, the pronoun their appears 4 times. In the first three times, in the sentences “they preferred to recover from their jet lag alone (…) they would come and see their beloved Ed and welcome their new sister Amy to the family…” the pronoun refers to
 

Provas

Questão presente nas seguintes provas
INSTRUCTION: Now read carefully the text below; then mark the alternatives that answer the questions or complete the sentences in the question.
Amy watched six taxis avoid her and go deliberately towards other people. Then she began to realise she was suffering from advanced paranoia and that she had better cut her losses and take the tube home. She was already so late and angry, that the lurching crowded journey couldn’t make her much worse. And there was the danger that if she stood much longer on the side of the street being ignored by rush hour taxi drivers she might lose her small remaining ration of sanity. And she needed to hold on to what she had for tonight.
Tonight Ed’s sister and her husband were coming to dinner. Tonight, for the first time, she would meet the Big Mama figure in Ed’s American family, the one they all bowed to, the one Ed had practically written to for permission to marry Amy. At the time Amy had thought it funny; she had even suggested that her dental reports and Photostats of her GCE certificates be sent to New York. But three years later, after a period of watching Ed write his monthly letter to his big sister Bella, she found it less funny. She was never shown those letters and in pique she had opened one before posting it. It was an infantile report on how their life had been progressing since last month: childish details about the floor covering they had bought for the kitchen, aspirations that Ed’s salary would be reviewed and upped. Praise for a new dress that Amy had bought, minutiae about a picnic they had had with another couple. It had made Amy uneasy, because it had made Ed seem retarded. It was the kind of letter that a mother might expect from a small son who had gone off to summer camp, not something that a sister in far away America should need or want.
Ed had been euphoric about the visit. It had been planned for over three months. Bella and her husband Blair were coming to London for three days as part of a European tour. They would arrive in the morning; they did not want to be met, they preferred to recover from their jet lag alone in the privacy of a good hotel with a comfortable bedroom and bathroom.
Fully refreshed, at seven p.m. they would come and see their beloved Ed and welcome their new sister Amy to the family. Next day there would be a tour to Windsor and an evening at the theatre, with a dinner for the four of them. And on the Saturday morning, Amy might kindly take her new sister Bella shopping, and point out the best places, introduce her to the heads of departments in the better stores. They would have a super girly lunch, and then Bella and Blair should fly out of their lives to Paris.
Normally, on any ordinary Thursday, Amy came home from Harley Street, where she worked as a doctor’s receptionist, took off her shoes, put on her slippers, unpacked her shopping, organized a meal, lit the fire and then Ed would arrive home. Their evenings had begun to have a regular pattern. Ed came home tense and tired. Little by little, in front of the fire, he would unwind; little by little he relaxed his grip on the file of papers he had brought back from the office. He would have a sherry, his face would lose its lines; and then he would agree really that there was no point in trying to do too much work in the evening.
And afterwards, he would carve away happily at the table he was making, or watch television, or do the crossword with Amy; and she realized happily that she was essential to him, because only her kind of understanding could make him uncoil and regard his life as a happy, unworrying thing.
That was all before the threatened visit of Bella.
In: BINCHY, Maeve. Victoria Line, Central Line. Hodder and Stoughton: Coronet Books, 1982, p.11-12.
The text shows that Amy’s feelings were a mixture of
 

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Questão presente nas seguintes provas

Sobre a banalização do próprio corpo

Recentemente, num café da manhã entre confrades, ao sugerir – destaco “sugerir” – a uma amiga atriz que fechasse um dos botões de sua camisa, pois um de seus seios poderia ficar exposto ao movimentar-se, obtenho a resposta: “Mas é só um peito como todos os outros. Como aquele das mães que amamentam. É só mais um peito”.

Um pouco confuso com a reação, me calo e reflito… “É só mais um peito”? Mal da Filosofia: faço da afirmação um problema, uma questão.

A pergunta me remói por dias, até que assisto ao espetáculo Ziggy, homenagem prestada a David Bowie pela Cisne Negro Cia. de Dança, de Hulda Bittencourt. Ao mergulhar minha visão – e meu ser, portanto – nos corpos em gesto dos bailarinos e nas suas extensões, isto é, o belo e inspirado figurino de Fabio Namatame, uma pletora de pensamentos me invade, dentre eles, e sobretudo, a reflexão do filósofo francês Maurice Merleau-Ponty.

Merleau-Ponty teve um papel importantíssimo ao recuperar a importância da percepção para a Filosofia. Suas teses de doutorado – a complementar, A estrutura do comportamento, e a principal, Fenomenologia da percepção – são consagradas a permutar, no modo como concebemos a consciência, o ego cogito (“eu penso”), tal como o compreendemos até então, pelo ego percipio (“eu percebo”). Numa direção diversa daquela de Descartes, Merleau-Ponty não funda o modo de ser singular do homem em sua capacidade de pensar, mas em sua percepção.

A partir das reflexões de Edmund Husserl, MerleauPonty alerta que não há uma consciência pura, tal como o defendia Descartes, isto é, o homem não pode ser simplesmente uma “coisa pensante” (res cogitans). Ele é necessariamente uma consciência aberta para o mundo. Sua consciência é sempre consciência de alguma coisa. E aquilo que possibilita a ele estar no mundo em consciência é seu corpo. E aqui temos uma marca importantíssima.

Em diálogo com Husserl e com toda uma série de pensadores franceses – dentre eles Malecranche, Maine de Biran e Bergson –, Merleau-Ponty evoca a noção de corpo-próprio. Podemos compreendê-la melhor por meio de uma distinção que faz a língua alemã. Dentre as palavras usadas para se referir a “corpo”, destacam-se duas: Körper e Leib. Körper designa qualquer corpo posto no espaço. Leib designa um corpo animado, um corpo vivo, o corpo próprio a um dado sujeito ou, se se preferir, a uma dada subjetividade.

Mas por que desta distinção? Responder a esta pergunta nos auxilia a responder à questão que nos colocamos de início. Nosso próprio corpo, ou, se se preferir, nosso corpo-próprio – como se traduz usualmente em português a palavra Leib – não é como qualquer outro corpo posto no espaço. Ele é dotado de vida: vida única, singular e que nos constitui. Sem ele, não estaríamos presentes no mundo, não o perceberíamos e não faríamos a sua experiência (a do corpo e a do mundo).

Nosso corpo não se desloca no espaço, ele realiza gestos. Uma cadeira não realiza gestos, um automóvel ou uma máquina tampouco. Minha mão, seus olhos, os braços de um dançarino, o corpo de um ator se movimentam no espaço de uma maneira totalmente diversa daquela de qualquer outro corpo. O corpo próprio percebe tudo aquilo que o envolve no ato em que se move, percebendo a si próprio. Mais que isso, na e pela percepção ele cria, inventa e transforma o espaço que se abre para acolher seu gesto.

Como diria Merleau-Ponty em sua tese principal, “O corpo-próprio está no mundo como o coração no organismo: ele mantém continuamente com vida o espetáculo visível, ele o anima e o nutre interiormente, forma com ele um sistema”.

Regressemos ao espetáculo Ziggy. Nele, o figurino expunha partes dos corpos dos bailarinos sem qualquer excesso, sem qualquer possibilidade de banalização. Lá havia seios à mostra: em alguns casos um; noutros, eram vistos parcialmente. Mas tudo sem excesso. O figurino valorizava os movimentos de cada um dos corpos que se ofereciam ao espaço, que eram por ele acolhidos e que, simultaneamente, o faziam se abrir a seus gestos. Na dança, por exemplo, é possível captar esta bela dimensão em que se percebe a criação como o encontro entre o movimento e o espaço, e não somente como fruto do movimento de um sujeito num espaço inerte. Não é possível um sem o outro.

Fechando o círculo constituído por esta reflexão, retomo, então, a questão: “É só mais um peito”? Não se tratava, ali, de “só um peito”, mas de um seio único que não é simplesmente algo à parte, um conjunto de pontos localizáveis no espaço que o constituem como um corpo isolado. Ele é necessariamente parte de um corpo inteiro que, por sua vez, põe a pessoa em contato com o mundo e a faz, por esta situação, transformar o próprio mundo por seus gestos. Como o seio da dançarina, aquele dito “só mais um peito” se movimenta com o corpo todo. Dizia Merleau-Ponty que as partes do corpo “se reportam umas às outras de uma maneira original: não estão dispersas umas ao lado das outras, mas envolvidas umas nas outras”.

Ao tomar o seio, por exemplo, como “só mais um peito”, é desprezado o corpo inteiro da bailarina que se expressa no movimento, compondo um gesto singular que cria a cena, que abre um horizonte de percepção. Ao banalizar o corpo-próprio, seu gesto – a dança, o atuar, o canto, por exemplo – perde sentido. Os seios nus das combatentes do “Femens” deixariam de ter o mesmo impacto e de, em sua densidade, constituir ato político. E assim será se banalizarmos qualquer parte de nosso corpo ou mesmo quaisquer de seus gestos: punhos erguidos, palmas, vaias, o beijo.

Não se trata, aqui, de debater a ocasião em que a frase sugerida para discussão – “Mas é só um peito […]” – fora enunciada. Tampouco de renegar as lutas políticas pelas quais passamos nas últimas décadas, de que somos devedores, que possibilitaram liberações em dimensões diversas de nossa vida em sociedade, e de nos recolhermos na redoma conservadora que, nos anos recentes, se ergue em torno de nós e nos sufoca tal qual clausura. É preciso defender o espaço

Trata-se apenas de um convite a pôr em questão a frase proferida, de modo a manter-nos despertos e atentos a cada gesto realizado, não para perscrutar a própria consciência ou mesmo o inconsciente, como se ambos escondessem alguma verdade à espera da decifração, mas para, por meio desta atenção sobre nós mesmos, vivermos intensamente cada gesto realizado pelo próprio corpo, pelo corpo inteiro – pelo corpo-próprio –, em sua singular complexidade.conquistado.

Francisco Alessandro. Revista cult. Disponível em:

<https://bit.ly/2LHLa1P>. Acesso em: 6 ago. 2018 (Adaptação).

Analise as afirmativas a seguir.

I. Em “Ao banalizar o corpo-próprio, seu gesto – a dança, o atuar, o canto, por exemplo – perde sentido.”, os travessões podem ser substituídos por parênteses.

II. Em “Mal da Filosofia: faço da afirmação um problema, uma questão.”, os dois-pontos foram utilizados para anunciar uma oração apositiva.

III. Em “Dentre as palavras usadas para se referir a “corpo”, destacam-se duas: Körper e Leib.”, as aspas da palavra “corpo” indicam uma citação direta.

Estão corretas as afirmativas

 

Provas

Questão presente nas seguintes provas

Sobre a banalização do próprio corpo

Recentemente, num café da manhã entre confrades, ao sugerir – destaco “sugerir” – a uma amiga atriz que fechasse um dos botões de sua camisa, pois um de seus seios poderia ficar exposto ao movimentar-se, obtenho a resposta: “Mas é só um peito como todos os outros. Como aquele das mães que amamentam. É só mais um peito”.

Um pouco confuso com a reação, me calo e reflito… “É só mais um peito”? Mal da Filosofia: faço da afirmação um problema, uma questão.

A pergunta me remói por dias, até que assisto ao espetáculo Ziggy, homenagem prestada a David Bowie pela Cisne Negro Cia. de Dança, de Hulda Bittencourt. Ao mergulhar minha visão – e meu ser, portanto – nos corpos em gesto dos bailarinos e nas suas extensões, isto é, o belo e inspirado figurino de Fabio Namatame, uma pletora de pensamentos me invade, dentre eles, e sobretudo, a reflexão do filósofo francês Maurice Merleau-Ponty.

Merleau-Ponty teve um papel importantíssimo ao recuperar a importância da percepção para a Filosofia. Suas teses de doutorado – a complementar, A estrutura do comportamento, e a principal, Fenomenologia da percepção – são consagradas a permutar, no modo como concebemos a consciência, o ego cogito (“eu penso”), tal como o compreendemos até então, pelo ego percipio (“eu percebo”). Numa direção diversa daquela de Descartes, Merleau-Ponty não funda o modo de ser singular do homem em sua capacidade de pensar, mas em sua percepção.

A partir das reflexões de Edmund Husserl, MerleauPonty alerta que não há uma consciência pura, tal como o defendia Descartes, isto é, o homem não pode ser simplesmente uma “coisa pensante” (res cogitans). Ele é necessariamente uma consciência aberta para o mundo. Sua consciência é sempre consciência de alguma coisa. E aquilo que possibilita a ele estar no mundo em consciência é seu corpo. E aqui temos uma marca importantíssima.

Em diálogo com Husserl e com toda uma série de pensadores franceses – dentre eles Malecranche, Maine de Biran e Bergson –, Merleau-Ponty evoca a noção de corpo-próprio. Podemos compreendê-la melhor por meio de uma distinção que faz a língua alemã. Dentre as palavras usadas para se referir a “corpo”, destacam-se duas: Körper e Leib. Körper designa qualquer corpo posto no espaço. Leib designa um corpo animado, um corpo vivo, o corpo próprio a um dado sujeito ou, se se preferir, a uma dada subjetividade.

Mas por que desta distinção? Responder a esta pergunta nos auxilia a responder à questão que nos colocamos de início. Nosso próprio corpo, ou, se se preferir, nosso corpo-próprio – como se traduz usualmente em português a palavra Leib – não é como qualquer outro corpo posto no espaço. Ele é dotado de vida: vida única, singular e que nos constitui. Sem ele, não estaríamos presentes no mundo, não o perceberíamos e não faríamos a sua experiência (a do corpo e a do mundo).

Nosso corpo não se desloca no espaço, ele realiza gestos. Uma cadeira não realiza gestos, um automóvel ou uma máquina tampouco. Minha mão, seus olhos, os braços de um dançarino, o corpo de um ator se movimentam no espaço de uma maneira totalmente diversa daquela de qualquer outro corpo. O corpo próprio percebe tudo aquilo que o envolve no ato em que se move, percebendo a si próprio. Mais que isso, na e pela percepção ele cria, inventa e transforma o espaço que se abre para acolher seu gesto.

Como diria Merleau-Ponty em sua tese principal, “O corpo-próprio está no mundo como o coração no organismo: ele mantém continuamente com vida o espetáculo visível, ele o anima e o nutre interiormente, forma com ele um sistema”.

Regressemos ao espetáculo Ziggy. Nele, o figurino expunha partes dos corpos dos bailarinos sem qualquer excesso, sem qualquer possibilidade de banalização. Lá havia seios à mostra: em alguns casos um; noutros, eram vistos parcialmente. Mas tudo sem excesso. O figurino valorizava os movimentos de cada um dos corpos que se ofereciam ao espaço, que eram por ele acolhidos e que, simultaneamente, o faziam se abrir a seus gestos. Na dança, por exemplo, é possível captar esta bela dimensão em que se percebe a criação como o encontro entre o movimento e o espaço, e não somente como fruto do movimento de um sujeito num espaço inerte. Não é possível um sem o outro.

Fechando o círculo constituído por esta reflexão, retomo, então, a questão: “É só mais um peito”? Não se tratava, ali, de “só um peito”, mas de um seio único que não é simplesmente algo à parte, um conjunto de pontos localizáveis no espaço que o constituem como um corpo isolado. Ele é necessariamente parte de um corpo inteiro que, por sua vez, põe a pessoa em contato com o mundo e a faz, por esta situação, transformar o próprio mundo por seus gestos. Como o seio da dançarina, aquele dito “só mais um peito” se movimenta com o corpo todo. Dizia Merleau-Ponty que as partes do corpo “se reportam umas às outras de uma maneira original: não estão dispersas umas ao lado das outras, mas envolvidas umas nas outras”.

Ao tomar o seio, por exemplo, como “só mais um peito”, é desprezado o corpo inteiro da bailarina que se expressa no movimento, compondo um gesto singular que cria a cena, que abre um horizonte de percepção. Ao banalizar o corpo-próprio, seu gesto – a dança, o atuar, o canto, por exemplo – perde sentido. Os seios nus das combatentes do “Femens” deixariam de ter o mesmo impacto e de, em sua densidade, constituir ato político. E assim será se banalizarmos qualquer parte de nosso corpo ou mesmo quaisquer de seus gestos: punhos erguidos, palmas, vaias, o beijo.

Não se trata, aqui, de debater a ocasião em que a frase sugerida para discussão – “Mas é só um peito […]” – fora enunciada. Tampouco de renegar as lutas políticas pelas quais passamos nas últimas décadas, de que somos devedores, que possibilitaram liberações em dimensões diversas de nossa vida em sociedade, e de nos recolhermos na redoma conservadora que, nos anos recentes, se ergue em torno de nós e nos sufoca tal qual clausura. É preciso defender o espaço

Trata-se apenas de um convite a pôr em questão a frase proferida, de modo a manter-nos despertos e atentos a cada gesto realizado, não para perscrutar a própria consciência ou mesmo o inconsciente, como se ambos escondessem alguma verdade à espera da decifração, mas para, por meio desta atenção sobre nós mesmos, vivermos intensamente cada gesto realizado pelo próprio corpo, pelo corpo inteiro – pelo corpo-próprio –, em sua singular complexidade.conquistado.

Francisco Alessandro. Revista cult. Disponível em:

<https://bit.ly/2LHLa1P>. Acesso em: 6 ago. 2018 (Adaptação).

Releia o trecho a seguir.

“[...] uma pletora de pensamentos me invade, dentre eles, e sobretudo, a reflexão do filósofo francês [...]” Em relação à palavra destacada, considere as afirmativas a seguir.

I. Sempre deve vir isolada por vírgulas, como no caso desse trecho.

II. Pode ser substituída por “especialmente”.

III. Trata-se de um advérbio.

Estão corretas as afirmativas

 

Provas

Questão presente nas seguintes provas