Foram encontradas 60 questões.
If we consider the main theoretical perspectives that have influenced and shaped Second Language Acquisition (SLA) studies – Environmentalism (Skinner), Nativism (Chomsky), Interactionist approaches, and Complexity Theory (Larsen-Freeman) – which statement best reflects a more contemporary understanding of SLA and its agents?
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Text for question 53
“I always tried to be decent to the warders in my section; hostility was self-defeating. There was no point in having a permanent enemy among warders.
It was ANC policy to try to educate all people, even our enemies: we believed that all men, even prison service warders, were capable of change, and we did our utmost to try to sway them.
In general we treated the wanders as they treated us. If a man was considered, we were considerate in return. Not all of our warders were ogres. We noticed right from the start that there were some among them who believed in fairness.”
MANDELA, Nelson. Long Walk to Freedom. Boston; New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1994.
Bakhtin (1986) understands language as a social and dialogic process in which meaning is constructed through interaction. Within this view, each speech genre is characterized by relatively stable linguistic, compositional, and stylistic structures that emerge from specific social contexts and communicative purposes. Considering the perspective of teaching language contextualized by genres and the structure presented in the excerpt, which proposal is more adequate to an English class:
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Text for questions 50 and 51
I believe that on the first night I went to Gatsby’s house I was one of the few guests who had actually been invited. People were not invited – they went there. They got into automobiles which bore them out to Long Island, and somehow they ended up at Gatsby’s door. Once there they were introduced by somebody who knew Gatsby, and after that they conducted themselves according to the rules of behavior associated with amusement parks. Sometimes they came and went without having met Gatsby at all, came for the party with a simplicity of heart that was its own ticket of admission.
I had been actually invited. A chauffeur in a uniform of robin’s-egg blue crossed my lawn early that Saturday morning with a surprisingly formal note from his employer: the honor would be entirely Gatsby’s, it said, if I would attend his “little party” that night. He had seen me several times, and had intended to call on me long before, but a peculiar combination of circumstances had prevented it – signed Jay Gatsby, in a majestic hand.
Dressed up in white flannels I went over to his lawn a little after seven, and wandered around rather ill at ease among swirls and eddies of people I didn’t know – though here and there was a face I had noticed on the commuting train. I was immediately struck by the number of young Englishmen dotted about; all well dressed, all looking a little hungry, and all talking in low, earnest voices to solid and prosperous Americans. I was sure that they were selling something: bonds or insurance or automobiles. They were at least agonizingly aware of the easy money in the vicinity and convinced that it was theirs for a few words in the right key.
FITZGERALD, F. S. The Great Gatsby. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1925. p. 41-42
Considering the literary context of the excerpt and the details that characterize Gatsby’s party, which alternative most accurately explains the meaning of the collocation dotted about and the phrasal verbs wander around, bear out, and call on?
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Text for questions 50 and 51
I believe that on the first night I went to Gatsby’s house I was one of the few guests who had actually been invited. People were not invited – they went there. They got into automobiles which bore them out to Long Island, and somehow they ended up at Gatsby’s door. Once there they were introduced by somebody who knew Gatsby, and after that they conducted themselves according to the rules of behavior associated with amusement parks. Sometimes they came and went without having met Gatsby at all, came for the party with a simplicity of heart that was its own ticket of admission.
I had been actually invited. A chauffeur in a uniform of robin’s-egg blue crossed my lawn early that Saturday morning with a surprisingly formal note from his employer: the honor would be entirely Gatsby’s, it said, if I would attend his “little party” that night. He had seen me several times, and had intended to call on me long before, but a peculiar combination of circumstances had prevented it – signed Jay Gatsby, in a majestic hand.
Dressed up in white flannels I went over to his lawn a little after seven, and wandered around rather ill at ease among swirls and eddies of people I didn’t know – though here and there was a face I had noticed on the commuting train. I was immediately struck by the number of young Englishmen dotted about; all well dressed, all looking a little hungry, and all talking in low, earnest voices to solid and prosperous Americans. I was sure that they were selling something: bonds or insurance or automobiles. They were at least agonizingly aware of the easy money in the vicinity and convinced that it was theirs for a few words in the right key.
FITZGERALD, F. S. The Great Gatsby. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1925. p. 41-42
The passage employs a range of narrative tenses to organize temporal connections and narrative perspective. When these tense choices and their contribution to the narrator’s construction of events are considered, it is NOT accurate to assert that
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According to the following text, which statement best describes the role of the teacher in the learning process?
(…) even when teachers appear to be in control of interaction, they are subject to the dynamics of the complex system of the classroom. Teachers do not control their students' learning. Teaching does not cause learning; learners make their own paths (…). This does not mean that teaching does not influence learning, far from it; teaching and teacher-learner interaction construct and constrain the learning affordances of the classroom. What a teacher can do is manage and serve her or his students' learning in a way that is consonant with their learning processes. Thus, any approach we might advocate would not be curriculum-centered nor learner-centered, but it would be learningcentered – where the learning guides the teaching and not vice versa.
Due to the non-linearity of a complex dynamic system as it moves through state space, small perturbations (teacher interventions) can make a big difference. Of course, it also can happen the other way around. Teachers and students may work very hard on some aspect of language using, with little apparent success. One day, though, the point of criticality may be reached and the system self-organizes in a new way.
LARSEN-FREEMAN, Diane; CAMERON, Lynne. Complex systems and applied linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. p. 199-200
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Which statement is NOT accurate regarding the use of infinitives in the following headlines?
Headline 1:
Exclusive: US to issue generallifting some sanctions on Venezuelan oil industry
It's a shift from a previous plan to grant individual exemptions to sanctions for companies seeking to do business in the country.
Headline 2:
http://www.theguardian.com/international
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Choose the alternative in which all the theories or hypotheses presented are primarily grounded in an innatist theoretical framework..
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Read the text below and answer question 45.
Language learning, like any other type of learning, is not a linear process and therefore cannot be deemed as predictable as some of these models of acquisition have hypothesized it to be. Minimal differences in initial conditions can cause very different results. Nevertheless, I consider that the previous attempts to explain SLA should not be disregarded because when they are put together they provide a broader view of the phenomenon. In this new perspective, a SLA model should be considered as a set of connections within a dynamic system that moves in the direction of the “edge of chaos” considered as a zone of creativity with the maximum potential for learning.
PAIVA, V. L. M. O. Second Language Acquisition: Reconciling Theories. Open Journal of Applied Sciences, 2013, 3, 404-412. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ ojapps.2013.37050.
According to Paiva (2013), despite extensive research in the field, the processes through which languages are learned remain not fully understood; consequently, it is difficult to dismiss theories of Second Language Acquisition, since many earlier explanatory models appear theoretically plausible. From this point of view, one can infer that second language teachers should
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Which alternative completes the sentences in the following text?
UN: Iran using drones to enforce hijab law
A report by the United Nations says Iran is using advanced technology, including drones, facial recognition and a citizen-reporting app to crack down __________ violations of its mandatory hijab laws.
A key element of the effort is the governmentbacked Nazer app, which enables the police and "vetted" members of the public to report alleged violations by women in vehicles, including those in ambulances, mass transit and taxis.
The report describes the app as allowing users to upload the vehicle license plate, location and time of an alleged violation. It then, according to the report, alerts police. Then, according to the report, the app "triggers a text message (in real-time) to the registered owner of the vehicle, warning them that they had been found __________ violation of the mandatory hijab laws, and that their vehicles would be impounded for ignoring these warnings."
According to the report, authorities are using drones in Tehran and the southern part of the country to monitor hijab compliance in public areas, as well as new facial recognition software said to have been installed last year __________ the entrance of Tehran’s Amirkabir University.
(Source: VOA News, March 15th, 2025. UN: Iran using drones to enforce hijab law.
Available at: https://www.voanews.com/a/un-iran-usingdrones-to-enforce-hijab-law/8011563.html)
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About the use of Reference, which of the following statements is NOT correct, according to the text?
Reference is a crucial component within semantics. It can be defined as characterising the relationships between language and the world, in particular, specific entities that are being focused upon. Reference is context-dependent, and ascertaining the meaning of particular referents depends entirely upon who is speaking, whom they are speaking with and in what setting the interaction is taking place.
MULLANY, L.; STOCKWELL, P. Introducing English Language: A resource book for students. Routledge, 2010
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