Read the following excerpt from Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The scarlet letter in order to answer the question.

The scarlet letter

‘’The door of the jail being flung open from within, there appeared, in first place, like a black shadow emerging into the sunshine, the grim and grisly presence of a guard, with a sword by his side. This personage prefigured and represented in his aspect the whole dismal severity of the Puritanic code of law, which it was his business to administer in its final and closest application to the offender. Stretching forth his left hand, he laid his right upon the shoulder of a young woman, whom he thus drew forward; until, on the edge of the prison door, she repelled him, by an action marked with natural dignity and force of character, and stepped into the open air, as if by her own free will. She bore in her arms a child, a baby some three months old, who winked and turned aside its little face from the too vivid light of day; because its existence, until now, had brought it acquainted only with the gray twilight of a dungeon, or other darksome apartment on the prison.

When the young woman – the mother of this child – stood fully revealed before the crowd, it seemed to be her first impulse to clasp the infant closely to her bosom; not so much by an impulse of motherly affection, as that thereby she might conceal a certain token, which was wrought or fastened into her dress. In a moment, however, wisely judging that one token of her shame would but poorly serve to hide another, she took the baby on her arm, and, with a burning blush, and yet a haughty smile, and a glance that would not be abashed, looked around at her townspeople and neighbors. On the breast of her gown, in fine red cloth, surrounded with an elaborate embroidery and fantastic flourishes of gold thread, appeared the letter ‘’A’’. It was so artistically done, and with so much fertility and gorgeous luxuriance decoration to the apparel which she wore; and which was of a splendor in accordance with the taste of the age, but greatly beyond what was allowed by the regulations of the colony.

The young woman was tall, with a figure of perfect elegance, on a large scale. She had dark and abundant hair, so glossy that it threw off the sunshine with a gleam, and a face which, besides being beautiful from regularity of feature and richness of complexion, had the impressiveness belonging to a marked brow and deep black eyes. She was lady-like, too, after the manner of the feminine gentility of those days; characterized by a certain state and dignity, rather than by the delicate, evanescent, and indescribable grace, which is now recognized as its indication. And never had Hester Prynne appeared more lady-like, in the antique interpretation of the term, than as she issued from the prison. Those who had before known her, and had expected to behold her dimmed and obscured by a disastrous cloud, were astonished, and even startled, to perceive how her beauty shone out, and made a halo of the misfortune and ignominy in which she was enveloped. It may be true, that, to a sensitive observer, there was something exquisitely painful in it. Her attire, which, indeed, she had wrought for the occasion, in prison, and had modeled much after her own fancy, seemed to express the attitude of her spirit, the desperate recklessness of her mood, by its wild and picturesque peculiarity. But the point which drew all the eyes of the surrounding crowd, and, as it were, transfigured the wearer, - so that both men and women who had been familiarly acquainted with Hester Prynne, were now impressed as if they beheld her for the first time, - was that SCARLET LETTER, fantastically embroidered and illuminated upon her bosom. It had the effect of a spell, taking her out of the ordinary relations with humanity, and inclosing her in a sphere by herself”.

HAWTHORNE, N. The scarlet letter. New York: Dover Publications, 1994.

In the cases of ellipses below, applied because the meanings of the omitted words are clear from the context, the examples in all the alternatives are correct, EXCEPT for

I. While I am fond of their children, I think the parents are very mean.

II. Since I work six days a week, I can’t even find time to see my friends.

III. You can either sit at the front, or you can stand at the back. I don’t mind.

IV. I’ll be wearing a red jumper so that you can see me easily.

The idea conveyed in each sentence by the words or expressions in italics are, respectively, of

Direct instruction can help in a number of ways. It can lead to enhanced accuracy, it can help learners progress through developmental stages more rapidly, and it can destabilize interlanguage grammars that have fossilized. However, direct instruction is not always successful nor are its effects always durable. Constraining factors are the nature of the target structure and the learner’s stage of development. Less is currently known about what type of direct instruction works best. Input-based instruction may prove as effective as productionbased instruction and, perhaps, even more so. Input-flooding may help students learn features in the input but does not destabilize interlanguage grammars (i.e. it does not get rid of established errors). For this, explicit instruction and negative feedback may be needed. It is also very likely that the effectiveness of different types of instruction will depend on the abilities and predispositions of individual learners. An alternative to direct instruction is strategy training. However, uncertainty exists regarding the content, methodology, and outcomes of such training.

Source: ELLIS, R. Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 87-88.

From the ideas presented in the text, it is CORRECT to infer that

Ten things not to do in New York

If you’re planning a trip to New York City, you need travel advice from someone who knows her way around. Because while there’s a lot to do in New York City plenty of iconic places to eat and drink and see there are also a lot of things not to do: crowded tourist traps, overhyped eateries, and not-so-authentic experiences are among the ones you should feel free to skip, especially if your time in town is limited. (On the other hand, even locals agree that a few of New York City’s most famous tourist attractions are actually worth every elbow bump, every admission dollar, and every minute you spend in line: the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Statue of Liberty, and Ellis Island, to name a few).

What not to do in New York is a touchy subject that’s bound to inspire some strong reactions. Which is precisely why we couldn’t resist putting forth our own list: Like most New Yorkers, the Concierge.com staff has an opinion or two (or two thousand) about what’s really worth doing and what’s not. For your enjoyment, outrage and debate, therefore, there are ten of New York’s most played-out, overrated, nonessential nonatractions - and what to do instead. Take it from the locals.

Available at < http://www.concierge.com/ideas/hotspot/tours/500723 >, visited on June 26, 2009.

According to the text, there are a few things a visitor should avoid doing when visiting New York. These are

The sentence in which the punctuation is not used properly is

I. This is Chomsky’s term for the abstract principles that comprise a child’s innate knowledge of language and that guide L1 acquisition.

II. This term is used by Vygotsky to refer to the cognitive level that a child is not yet at but is capable of performing at with adult guidance.

III. This term was coined by Selinker to refer to the systematic knowledge of an L2 that is independent of both the target language and the learner’s L1.

IV. This is referred to by Krashen to explain how learners subconsciously acquire language from linguistic content they comprehend.

The aspects of second language learning being referred to are, respectively,

The Amazon gets less and less green

Despite the alarms about global warming, the news concerning Brazil’s crucial Amazon jungle is not good. Once again, satellites are showing deforestation is on the rise. And once again the government has announced a package of measures aimed at halting it. If you think you’ve heard this story before, you’re not wrong. It’s depressingly familiar. “This is only a surprise if you believe in Father Christmas,” said Roberto Smeraldi, director of Friends of the Earth’s Brazil office.

The new statistics show that deforestation for the last five months of 2007 was 3,235 sq. kilometers (1,250 sq. miles or about the size of Rhode Island), a rise from the previous year’s figure and alarming because deforestation normally drops in the final rainy months of the year. In a world panicked by its own carbon footprint, the forests of the Amazon are the planet’s largest absorber of carbon dioxide.

Adapted from “The Amazon gets less and less green”

Available at <http://www.ecoearth.info/shared/reader/welcome.aspx?linkid=92021&keybold=Amazon visited on June 26, 2009.