I. This is Chomsky’s term for the abstract principles that comprise a child’s innate knowledge of language and that guide L1 acquisition.
II. This term is used by Vygotsky to refer to the cognitive level that a child is not yet at but is capable of performing at with adult guidance.
III. This term was coined by Selinker to refer to the systematic knowledge of an L2 that is independent of both the target language and the learner’s L1.
IV. This is referred to by Krashen to explain how learners subconsciously acquire language from linguistic content they comprehend.
The aspects of second language learning being referred to are, respectively,
