Read the text below and answer question 48.

Sometimes when we have talked or written about using ideas from complexity theory, we have been challenged as to whether we are 'just' being metaphorical. There are two ways to answer this question: firstly, to reject the 'just' and to assert the importance of metaphor; and secondly, to discuss what it would mean to say that the comparison between systems in applied linguistics and complex systems is more than metaphor. Our contention, to be supported throughout this book, is that complexity theory offers applied linguistics at least an important new metaphor that brings with it new ways of thinking about issues in the field, and, maximally, may push the field towards radical theoretical change. (…) Metaphors are not just literary tools for ornamenting language; they are indispensable to the human mind. Whenever we have to contemplate the abstract, voice the difficult, or make sense of the complicated, we turn to metaphor. Metaphor enables us to 'see' or understand one thing in terms of another, through analogies or mappings between two conceptual domains.

(Cameron 1999). LARSEN-FREEMAN, Diane; CAMERON, Lynne. Complex systems and applied linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. p. 11.

Judge the statements I to V as True (T) or False (F) according to the text and choose the alternative that shows the correct sequence from above to below.

I. The authors argue that complexity theory should be seen primarily as a rhetorical or literary device in applied linguistics.

II. According to the text, one response to the criticism about metaphor is to emphasize the fundamental importance of metaphors in human cognition.

III. The authors claim that complexity theory may contribute not only to new ways of thinking but also to potentially radical theoretical changes in applied linguistics.

IV. The text suggests that metaphors are mainly used to embellish language rather than to support understanding of abstract or complex ideas.

V. Metaphor is presented as a cognitive tool that allows understanding one conceptual domain in terms of another through analogies or mappings.