Read the excerpt.

The standard-language ideology has been under attack for some time. Two discourses were active in the 1960s in opposition to it. One was centred around the Idea that what would later be called outer-circle varieties should be treated as valid and encouraged to be endonormative. Through the work of Kachru and Smith in the 1980s, this developed into the World Englishes position, arguing for teaching varieties independent of inner-circle culture and appropriate to the needs of local users. World Englishes focuses on and celebrates the differences between and individuality of varieties, as used on their home ground within a community of speakers. The other development of the 1960s was what came to be called ‘Real English’, which focuses on the actual spoken usage of inner-circle native speakers of all varieties and is critical of the status that is granted the minority of standard-language users and written grammar. A critique of these positions argues that, in fact, in any country, the standard language and the prestige accent are associated with power, and worldwide it is Standard English with an American or RP accent that is ‘powerful’ in this way. To fail to teach these is to deprive learners of the power that might accrue to them from having the standard. Such an argument serves to maintain established power relations, although this does not mean that it outlines a bad strategy for an individual.

MELCHERS, Gunnel; SHAW, Philip; SUNDKVIST, Peter. World Englishes. London and New York: Routledge. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019, p. 205. (Adapted).

On reading the excerpt, we can infer that, according to the text, that